BACTERIA
Pseudomonas Bacteria

This study concerns the Pseudomonas type bacterium strains that have, in recent years, become more of a concern for medical professionals. The primary issue is that several different types of the bacteria, especially pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been shown to have a resistance to many common antibiotics. Another issue with this genus is that it is a very common type of bacteria that naturally occurs in the soil, in plant matter and on humans. Therefore, it has been widely studied, and the dangers of pseudomonas infection have been widely documented.

Using different imaging techniques the infection from pseudomonas aerignosa has been shown in different types of pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, endocarditis, and bone and joint infections. The damage done to different types of tissue shows up on scans as fibrosis, lesions, erosions and other evident deteriorations. The issue is both that this common bacterium can cause significant cellular damage and that it…...

Bacteria?
Many people believe that bacteria only cause disease and death. This is not technically true. While we have all suffered from some kind of an infection which we are told is caused some noxious form of bacteria, this is just a small part of what bacteria contribute to out lives.

First, it would be well to add a bit of science to be clear about what bacteria are. Defined most correctly, bacteria are a large group of one-celled microorganisms widely distributed in nature. Search any microbiological text book and you will see that there are thousands of different types of bacteria in the world, everywhere around us, although only about two thousand species of bacteria have actually been identified. On the most part, bacteria simply share the world with us and are of no specific harm to any human being. They are remarkable organisms for their simplicity of form, their…...

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Reference:

No author listed. Bacteria, a definition accessed through Winkipedia, the Free Internet Encyclopedia. (2005) Accessed via the WWW at   on 4/17/05http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria 

No author listed. Domain Bacteria, (2002) accessed via the WWW on 4/17/05 at http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Bacteria/

No author listed. Microbe world; Bacteria (2002) accessed via the WWW on 4/17/05 at http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/microbes/types/bacteria.htm

Bacteria
Effect of date extract on different types of bacteria

Taxonomy of date

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Liliopsida

Order: Arecales

Family: Arecaceae

Genus: Phoenix

Species: Phoenix dactylifera

Binomial mane: Phoenix dactylifera Linn

(Bostoen 2005)

Botanical Descriptions

The date palm is known in technical terms by its botanical name Phoenix dactylifera. The properties and the composition of the date extract have been noted to have many beneficial effects in medicine as well as domestically. The following paper intends to shed light on the impact of date extracts on the different types of bacteria.

The date palm is botanically dioeciously in nature. It is a medium sized plant that has pinnate leaves and it has approximately 140 to 145 leaflets and these leaflets bears the spines by the petiole. The small yellow colored followers of the date palm are found attached directly to the spikelets that later develops to form the juicy and nutritious dates. The dates are cylindrical in shape and have a single seed…...

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References

Bostoen, Koen. 2005. "A Diachronic Onomasiological Approach to Early Bantu Oil Palm Vocabulary." Studies in African Linguistics 34:113+. Retrieved September 25, 2011 ( http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5034944701 ).

Bringeus, Nils-Arvid. 2003. "The Rest on the Flight into Egypt: A Motif in Scandanavian Folk Art." Folklore 114:323+. Retrieved September 25, 2011 ( http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5006399281 ).

Dandamayev, M.A. 2002. "Das Egibi-Archiv, I: Die Felder Und Garten, 2 Vols." The Journal of the American Oriental Society 122:105+. Retrieved September 25, 2011 ( http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000841255 ).

Kapp, Dieter B. 1994. "A Collection of Jaffna Tamil Riddles from Oral Tradition." Asian Folklore Studies 53:125+. Retrieved September 25, 2011 ( http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000213582 ).

One organism, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), kills approximately 19,000 Americans annually, which is more than HIV / AIDS, Parkinson's disease, emphysema, and homicide combined (5). In the mid-1980s, the incidence of MRSA isolates was close to zero, and by 1998 the incidence of MRSA was approximately 70% in Japan, 40% in Belgium, 30% in the United Kingdom, and 28% in the United States (1). Every year, 2 million Americans obtain hospital-acquired infections, most of which are caused by antibiotic resistant microorganisms, and result in 99,000 deaths (5). In malaria-endemic countries, resistance to earlier anti-malaria medications such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is widespread, which sustains malaria as a significant health threat (2). Antibiotic resistance is relevant in every country, and has the potential to affect all strands of bacteria that are responsible for human infection.
Threat of Antibiotic Resistance

The prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is not only a threat to global…...

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Works Cited

1. Smith, R, and J. Coast. "Antimicrobial resistance: a global response." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 80.2 (2002): 126-133. Web. 29 Mar. 2012. .

2. "Antimicrobial Resistance ." World Health Organization. WHO, Mar 2012. Web. 29 Mar 2012. .

3. "How Antibiotic Resistance Happens." Save Antibiotics. The Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming. Web. 29 Mar 2012. .

4. "Gene Transfer Facilitates the Spread of Drug Resistance" Save Antibiotics. The Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming. Web. 29 Mar 2012. .

Psuedomonas aeruginosa: A nosocomial bacteria
Challenges to healthcare

Annotated Bibliography

(1) Melaku, S., Gebre-Selassie, S., Damtie, M., and Alamrew, K. (2012) Hospital acquired infections among surgical, gynecology and obstetrics patients in Felege-Hiwot referral hospital, Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Med 2012 -- Apr; 50(2): 135-44. Retrieved from PubMed.

Melaku, Gebre-Selassie, Damtie, and Alamrew (2012) report a study with the objective of assessing the prevalence and risk factors of hospital-acquired infections and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates in Feleg-Hiwot referral hospital. he study is reported to have been conducted among 1383 patients admitted to Surgical and Gynecology-Obstetrics wards during their stay in the hospital for development of infections. Data collected included sociodemographic, underlying disease, and risk factors. hese were investigated using culture, biochemical testing, and gram staining as well as antibacterial sensitivity tests using disc diffusion methods. Results reported state that of the 1383 patients assessed including 333 obstetrics, and 89 gynecology patients,…...

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The study reported by Innovative BioDefense Inc. states that studies have demonstrated that Zylast, a line of antimicrobial products has been found after an extensive time-kill testing on the Zylast products that more than 99.9% of disease causing germs were destroyed within 15 seconds, making Zylast the most effective antimicrobial on the market. Stated to be included in the microbacteria that Zylast products are effective against is that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 versions) -- "A dangerous bacteria that thrives on medical equipment and catheters and is a major source of nosocomial infection, this gram-negative bacteria can be fatal if infecting a vital organ." (p.1)

(10) McGeer, A and Fleming, CA (2011) Antimicrobial Resistance in Common Hospital Pathogens in Ontario. Quality Management Program -- Laboratory Services, Department of the Ontario Medial Association. April 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.qmpls.org/Portals/0/Knowledge%20Centre/Antimicrobial%20Resistance%20Report%202011.pdf

The work of McGeer and Fleming (2012) relates that the evolution of resistance in common hospital pathogens in Ontario has been tracked by QMP-LS since 1996. The 16th annual survey was conducted by QMP-LS in January 2012, which assessed the incidence of resistant hospital pathogens in the province in 2011. All 77 currently licensed bacteriology laboratories are reported to have responded. These laboratories provide services for 211 hospitals. It is reported that resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2011 identified "7310/40-110 (18.2%) isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and 3388/39308 (8.6%) resistant to imipenem/meropenem both of which have increased (from 17.7% and 8.1%, respectively) compared to 2010.Twelve laboratories reporting 9797 isolates of P. aeruginosa were not able to provide data for the number of isolates that were resistant to all agents tested." (p.6)

Gram Stain
Bacteria Identification

Following standard procedure for Gram staining, a slide was prepared by heat fixing the sample and applying the primary crystal violet stain (Bruckner, 2012). After incubation in the primary stain for a period of one minute, the stain was rinsed under a slow stream of water for four seconds before fixing the remaining dye with Gram's iodine, with immersion in this mordant lasting one minute (Bruckner, 2012). Following this, a second rinse using acetone, again poured in a very slow stream and this time lasting for less than three seconds, removed any non-fixed crystal violet and left behind only the dye fixed within the Gram-positive bacteria of the sample (Carleton, 2012). Safranin was added as a secondary stain and incubation again lasted one minute, with a rinse of four seconds under a slow stream of water occurring before examination of the slide (Carleton, 2012). All observable bacteria were…...

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References

Bruckner, M. (2012). Gram staining. Accessed 28 February 2012.  http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/microscopy/gramstain.html 

Rossbach, S. (2012). Lab procedures. Accessed 28 February 2012.  http://homepages.wmich.edu/~rossbach/bios312/LabProcedures/ 

Unrein, B. (2008). Clostidium tetani. Accessed 28 February 2012.  http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/unrein_bren/

The virus genome covered by the capsid penetrates the host cell. Once inside, the virus is uncoated as the envelope and capsid are removed. Free of its covering, the viral genome (DNA or RNA) proceeds with biosynthesis. Newly assembled viral particles are released by budding. Components of viral envelopes (i.e., lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates) are obtained from the plasma or nuclear membrane as the viruses leave the cell. Budding does not necessarily kill the host cell.
A retrovirus is a virus which has a genome consisting of two plus sense RNA molecules, which may or may not be identical. It relies on reverse transcriptase to perform the reverse transcription of its genome from RNA into DNA, which can then be integrated into the host's genome with an integrase. The virus itself is a storage form for its nucleic acid genome as well as a means of delivery of its genome…...

Salmonella
Fig 1. Salmonella Bacteria

The first thing to note about Salmonella (seen in Fig. 1) is that it is a bacteria, and therefore a living organism. However the term "Salmonella" is used loosely in daily conversation to specify an illness caused by that bacteria in humans, and in other animals. Most people have some vague recollection of a "salmonella outbreak" caused by a contaminated food supply being reported in the media, and some people may have contracted Salmonellosis, which is technically the name of the human disease. Salmonella is just the organism that causes it. But because Salmonella is a form of life it needs to be understood environmentally, and so I would propose addressing it on each individual environmental level, as specified in this concept map:

Fig 2. CONCEPT MAP DIAGRAM

Life Cycle of Bacteria Effects on Individual Effects on Population

SALMONELLA INFECTION

Myths and Rumors Human Costs Medical Information

In other words, we need…...

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative germ (bacterium) that typically infects the stomach or duodenum, but can also be found in other parts of the body. This bacterium is very common and it is believed that approximately half of the planet's population has it. Individuals in developing countries are predisposed to it as a consequence of poor sanitary conditions in these areas. The bacteria can typically be found in the inner lining of the stomach and it can lead to conditions like gastritis, ulcer, or even cancer. There are a series of variables that can influence the disease most likely to affect a person, with his or her background playing an important role in the bacteria's development.
People are most commonly infected as a result of eating or drinking foods or liquids that are contaminated. One is also likely to contract the bacteria if he or she interacts with another individual having…...

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Works cited:

"Digestive Disorders Health Center," Retrieved December 7, 2014, from  http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori 

"Helicobacter Pylori and Stomach Pain," Retrieved December 7, 2014, from  http://www.patient.co.uk/health/helicobacter-pylori-and-stomach-pain

microorganism, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, displays a symbiotic relationship with soybean plants. There are different factors that may affect the relationship of this microorganism with plant biomass. These factors may be pH, temperature, the nutrition status and density of soil. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different soil treatments, in different soil types, on nodule formation and the dry weight of the plant. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from three locations, namely, at a forest, near a stream and potted soil. Each sample was then analyzed with a hydrometer and classified to a soil type. The forest soil was of clay loam type, the pot soil was loam soil and the stream sample was loamy sand. The samples were subjected to different treatments, such as sterilization and inoculation. The dry weight and number of nodules on each soil type was measured. esults showed that…...

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REFERENCES

Evans, J., C, W., & N, D. (2002).Interaction of soil type and temperature on the survival of rhizobium leguminosarum.Soil biology and biochemistry, 25, 1153-1160.

Graham, P., & Caroll, P.V. (2003). Legumes: Importance and constraints to greater use. Plant Physiology, 131, 872-877.

Jenny, H. (2005). Factors of soil formation . (2 ed., pp. 197-261). NewYork: Dover.

Lindermann, W.C., & C.R, Glover.(2003). Nitrogen fixation by legumes. College of Agriculture and Home Economics, A-12, 1-4. Retrieved from  http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/a-129.pdf

Bacterial Effects on the Body
Some bacteria produce a toxin that causes a flaccid paralysis, while other bacteria produce a toxin that causes all of the skeletal muscles to contract at the same time. In understanding these effects that such bacteria can have on the human body, one can begin to fully understand the root causes of these bacterial toxins as well as the full extent to which these toxins can cause damage. Additionally, in beginning to understand the processes and complexities of each bacterial effect on the body, one can begin to understand the processes used by the body to repair areas that are damaged, such as the peripheral neuron.

As mentioned, some bacteria produce a toxin that causes flaccid paralysis while others produce a toxin that causes all of the skeletal muscles to contract at the same time. In noting these facts, one can begin to ask the question of…...

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References

Lee, S. And Wolfe, S. (2000). Peripheral nerve injury and repair. Journal of American

Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 8.4: pp. 243-252. Web. [Accessed on 6 December 2011].

Nigam, A. And Nigam, P. (2010). Botulinum toxin. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 55.1:

pp.8-14. Web. [Accessed on 6 December 2011].

Categories of Antimicrobial Agents
Differentiating between viruses and bacterial infections is absolutely critical to give a patient adequate treatment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and its derivatives will not work on a viral infection. Not only are antibiotics ineffective against viruses; they are actually harmful given that overuse of antibiotics can give rise to antibiotic-resistant infections, both in the patient and in society as a whole. Primary care providers are on the front lines of fighting over-prescription of antibiotics and ensuring that antibiotics are prescribed solely for conditions for which they are effective and necessary.

"Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that thrive in many different types of environments" (Steckelberg 2015). While many kinds of bacteria are harmless, some can be very dangerous, such as the bacteria that cause strep throat, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections (Steckelberg 2015). In contrast, "when a virus enters your body, it invades some of your cells and takes over…...

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References

Allen, A. (2011). Chickenpox and shingles: What is the link? Web MD. Retrieved from:

 http://www.webmd.com/vaccines/features/shingles-chickenpox 

Key facts about seasonal flu vaccine. (2015). CDC. Retrieved from:

 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm

Introduction In recent years, the use of face masks has become increasingly common, especially in light of the global COVID-19 pandemic. While face masks are essential for preventing the spread of viruses and bacteria, their prolonged use can also contribute to the accumulation of microbes on the mask's surface. This has raised concerns about the potential bacterial contamination of face masks and the associated health risks.

Studies have shown that bacteria can easily transfer from the wearer's skin to the mask's surface through respiratory droplets, sweat, and other secretions. As a result, the continued use of face masks without proper cleaning and disinfection can lead to the growth and proliferation of various types of bacteria. These bacteria can then pose a risk of infection to the wearer if inhaled or come into contact with the skin.

Identifying the types of bacteria present on the surface of face masks is crucial in understanding the…...

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References

- Smith, Jane L., et al. \"Bacterial contamination of cloth masks in a hospital environment: a risk assessment.\" Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 113, 2021, pp. 45-50.

- Jones, Samantha P. \"Impact of Prolonged Mask Use on Respiratory Tract Bacterial Flora.\" Journal of Acne and Related Diseases, vol. 2, no. 1, 2020, pp. 105-130.

- Miller, T.F., et al. \"Microbial load on environmental surfaces: the relationship between reduced environmental contamination and health outcomes.\" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol. 43, no. 4, 2022, pp. 519-526.

- Davis, Charles R., et al. \"Face masks and bacterial dispersion toward the perioperative environment.\" Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 35, no. 2, 2022, e001122.

Environmental Hazards
hat are toxicants and how do they affect living organisms?

According to Dr. Celine Godard, toxicants and toxins both reference substances that are toxic; however, toxins are made in nature (like in poisonous mushrooms or in the poisonous venom that snakes use to kill their prey) and toxicants are human made (Godard, et al., 2001). Examples of toxicants would be "industrial waste products and pesticides" -- along with pollutants that get into the oceans. In fact pesticide residues (toxicants) are found in the ocean, and Godard's article in the Public Broadcast Service (PBS) is about how the Ocean Alliance is researching the impacts that toxicants have on sperm whales.

Sperm whales are exposed to the pollution (toxicants) that humans allow to flow into the oceans, and the whales have a "layer of fat called blubber" beneath their skins; Godard explains that toxicants accumulate in fatty tissue and so the longer the…...

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Works Cited

Education Portal. (2011). Disease-Causing Agents in the Environment: Definition and Types.

Retrieved November 7, 2014, from  http://education-portal.com .

Godard, C. (2001). The Toxicant Build-up. KCET / PBS. Retrieved November 7, 2014, from  http://www.pbs.org .

World Health Organization. (2012). Global Climate change and Human Health. Retrieved November 7, 2014, from  http://www.who.int .

healthy individual is infected with a bacteria or virus, the body identifies the virus as an invader, and therefore produces the antibodies, which is the human body's immune system, to destroy the virus to assist the person to recover and become healthy. Meanwhile, vaccination is the process of stimulating the active immune system to fight disease in the body, and vaccine will boost the body active immunity to fight disease that may come into the body in the future. Through immunization, a child body system will enhance immunity in such a way that when he is in contact with a disease, his immune system will identify the disease as an invader and will produce the antibodies to fight the disease. In essence, active immunity is life-long lasting.
Many countries, especially developing countries, give children vaccination against Polio, Cholera, Yellow fever, Measles, Typhoid fever and other type of diseases. (Heymann, Aylward,…...

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Reference

Armstrong, L.E. Casa, D.J. Maresh, C.M. et al. (2007). The Temperature regulation Caffeine, exercise-heat tolerance and fluid-electrolyte balance, Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 35(3):135-40.

Grant, S.J. Bin, Y.S. Kiat, H. et al. (2012). The use of complementary and alternative medicine by people with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 12:299

Heymann D, Aylward B. (2008). Mass vaccination in public health. In: Heymann D, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 19th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

Millard-Stafford, M.L. Cureton, K.J. Wingo, J.E. (2007). Hydration during exercise in warm, humid conditions: effect of a caffeinated sports drink. Int J. Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 17(2):163-77.

To write an essay on the impact of contagious diseases, you will want to narrow down the topic.  There are several different types of contagious diseases, and the various pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Disease can spread in various ways.  The current Covid-19 pandemic is airborne and spreads through both air and touch, but other diseases have been blood borne, sexually transmitted, spread in food, or spread through other vectors, such as mosquitoes. There are also different types of outbreaks of diseases including pandemic, endemic, epidemic, and outbreak.  They have....

To begin writing an essay about upper respiratory tract infections, you want to think about the approach you want to take.  Do you want to describe upper respiratory tract infections, discuss causes of these infections, focus on symptoms, or look at different treatment methods?  Perhaps you want to do a combination of those things and write a comprehensive essay on the topic.  Next, you want to consider your audience.  Are you writing a generic essay for a lower-level course in a non-scientific discipline or is your essay for an audience that is....

Much has been made of the possible relationship between obesity and gut bacteria. Rather than the simplistic view of obesity that once posited that obesity was always simply a matter of consuming too many calories or being too sedentary, modern research has revealed that a number of factors contribute to obesity. This has helped lead to epidemic levels of obesity, which has a domino effect on other health issues.  Determining which factors help influence obesity is one of the keys to fighting this epidemic. Gut bacteria is one of these factors. 

The human....

Certainly! Here are some science essay topic suggestions:

1. The impact of climate change on the environment.
2. The role of renewable energy sources in reducing carbon emissions.
3. Exploring the potential health benefits of genetic engineering.
4. The effects of plastic pollution on marine life and ecosystems.
5. The future of space exploration and its potential for human colonization.
6. The ethical considerations of using animal testing in medical research.
7. The development and implications of artificial intelligence in various fields.
8. The challenges and benefits of using nanotechnology in medicine.
9. Exploring the effects of deforestation on biodiversity and climate change.
10. The impact of technology on human....