Australian Criminal Justice System: As Fair as Can easonably be Expected?
The current Australian criminal justice system is a legacy of the Anglo-American common law that, with minor exceptions, has been interpreted and administered in a similar fashion in all administrative divisions. This legacy has caused some observers to maintain that, "When all is said and done, the current Australian criminal justice system is about as fair and effective as we can reasonably expect." eactions to this statement, though, will likely vary depending on what types of experiences, if any, Australians have had with the system itself. To gain additional insights in this area, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine the accuracy of this statement, including a discussion of the respective strengths and/or weaknesses of the Australia legal system. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion

eview and Discussion

To be sure,…...

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References

Black's law dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Eades, D. (1999). Language in court: The acceptance of linguistic evidence about Indigenous

Australians in the criminal justice system. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 15(1), 15-17.

Mcallister, I., Dowrick, I. & Hassan, R. (2003). The Cambridge handbook of the social sciences in Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Australian Sport Industry
What is sport? eview relevant definitions of sport and build a definition that you can justify and apply to the evolution of the sporting industry and the evolution of the management of it.

In my understanding, sport usually includes all types of physical activities that are competitive which aim (through-organized participation or casual) to improve, maintain, and use physical ability and provide recreation for participants. There is a wide variety of sports ranging from those that require two participants to those that include hundreds of participants competing individually or in teams (Loy, 2007). Evidently, sporting activities are found in the physical dexterity or physical athletic. Other organizations like the Council of Australia use dimensions of preventing activities that do not have physical element categorized as sports. Nevertheless, some competitive activities, which are not physical must be recognized in a category of mind sports. Through AISF, the international Olympics committee…...

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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Volunteer Work, Australia. Retrieved From

 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/ 

Beisser, A. (2007). The Madness In Sports. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts

Bernie, E. (2008). Games People Play. New York: Grove Press

Australian indigenous group or populations are the initial inhabitants of the continent of Australia and the neighboring islands. This population migrated from India through the Southern route approximately 50,000 years ago and arrived in the Australian continent about 45,000 years ago. Notably, the Australian indigenous population has a significant and huge diversity since there are different indigenous communities and societies in the country. Each of these communities and societies has its own distinct mixture of customs, cultures, and languages. The difference of the Australian indigenous people is also evident in the fact that they are currently divided into local communities. Most of this population or group lives in the South-east and are mainly based along the Murray iver.
Current State of Australian Indigenous People:

Many of the existing Australian indigenous people have maintained a strong link with language, culture, and their traditional lands. Actually, 70% of these people recognize their conventional country…...

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References:

"Aboriginal People and the Criminal Justice System." (n.d.). Aboriginal Customary Laws

Discussion Paper. Retrieved from Law Reform Commission of Western Australia website:  http://www.lrc.justice.wa.gov.au/2publications/reports/ACL/DP/Part_05C.pdf 

"About Indigenous Australia." (2007, July 28). Reconciliation Action Network. Retrieved September 25, 2012, from http://reconciliaction.org.au/nsw/education-kit/about/

Andrews, P. & Eames, G. (1994). Aboriginal People and the Law. Retrieved September 25,

Australian taxation system involves the payment of taxes in various forms since individuals and businesses in the country may be required to pay these charges to all governmental level sie. local, state, and federal governments. The main reason for collection of taxes in the Australian taxation system is that the collected taxes are used to cater for public services and facilitate redistribution of financial wealth. The most significant form of taxation is this system is income taxes that are collected by the country's federal government through the Australian Taxation Office. While the system acts as an important facet of the country's economy, it has attracted divergent views from various sectors in the society. On one hand, the system has attracted strong views with which it's considered as one of the best across the globe and is used to generate finances for public goods. On the other hand, the system has…...

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Bibliography:

Australia Trade Commission. "Taxation in Australia." Australian Government, April 21, 2013,

 http://www.austrade.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/1358/Taxation-Guide.pdf.aspx 

Australian Government Treasury. "Australia's Future Tax System Consultation Paper,"

Commonwealth of Australia, last modified December 2008, http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/downloads/consultation_paper/consultation_paper.pdf

Australian Suburbia
A suburb is a residential place existing as either part of the city outside the central business district or a residential community within a distance from the city. Suburbs in Australia have a degree of autonomy in administration. In Australia, suburbs are geographical divisions of a city and become bases for providing postal services. In the rural areas of the country, they are localities. The term inner suburb defines a high-density suburb in near a city while the term outer suburb represents a suburb with a lower density in the outskirts of an urban area. Low-density suburbs examples are Melbourne, Ultimo, Te Aro and Wellington while Sydney represents high-density suburbs. Sydney city is having high density of housing apartments integrated in commercial areas (Bunker, Holloway & andolph, 2005). There have been negative statements about Suburbia in Australia as being wasteful. Negative aspects of the suburbs have been told trough…...

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References

Grose, M.J. (2009). Changing relationships in public open space and private open space in suburbs in south-western Australia. Landscape and urban planning, 92(1), 53-63.

Amanda, W. (2010). Sensuous multiculturalism: emotional landscapes of inter-ethnic living in Australian suburbia. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 36(6), 917-937.

Dittmar, H., & Ohland, G. (Eds.). (2003). The new transit town: best practices in transit-oriented development. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Bartholomaeus, C.J. (2010). Wetland connectivity in the urban environment: The role of the residential garden (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University).

It is thus essential for the simple people to understand that they have to collaborate with the police so as to make the world a better place. By reaching a common ground regarding the power of the police and the interests of the masses individuals are more likely to experience positive results in the future.
One of the most intriguing aspects about the relationship between the police and individuals within Australian borders is the fact that the authorities especially find it difficult to cooperate with indigenous people. This is principally believed to be a result of the fact that natives have a tendency to express distrust in police officers because of their history of destroying indigenous cultural values through implementing laws that are in disagreement with them. Another reason why Indigenous Australians are reluctant to cooperate with the police is because the latter have apparently discriminated against natives across history…...

Medibank was a fund through which, the patients could get 85% of their medical bills back. This service was made optional but then the labors government converted it into Medicare, which is still an important component of the Australian healthcare system. (Healy & Sharman et al., 2006)
In addition, the demographic factors also affect the design of the system. As the healthcare system covers all the citizens, the demographic factors have a significant influence on the system. The population of Australia is increasing significantly with the estimates of population increasing each year. Therefore, the system has to introduce extensive services and subsidies. In order to cope up with the increasing population, the healthcare system faces a need to expand itself. (Commonwealth of Australia-Department of Ageing, 2009)

Moreover, there would be a need for more hospitals, doctors and medical institutions. The system incorporates all these bodies and therefore it may have to…...

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References

Bennett, C. (2009). A healthier future for all Australians - Final Report. [report] Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, pp. 145-146.

Commonwealth of Australia-Department of Ageing. (2009). Primary Health Care Reform in Australia. [report] Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia-Department of Ageing, pp. 9-13.

Eagar, K., Garrett, P. & Lin, V. (2001). Health planning. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.

Healy, J., Sharman, E. & Lokuge, B. (2006). Health Systems in Transition. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe on Behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

Australian Corporate Analysis
The issue is whether Anna and Susanna have the authority to enter into the contract as agents of Leaping Lizard Coffee Emporium.

A company's constitution overrides any and all specific policy in governing the company; however, where the constitution directly clashes with the laws, the laws supersede the company's constitution. According to section 5F of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), "Corporations legislation does not apply to matters declared by State or Territory law to be an excluded matter." In other words, when a policy of the company is hindering the application of the law then the resulting company's policy is overridden. Additionally, under Australian law, "A company's power to make, vary, ratify or discharge a contract may be exercised by an individual acting with the company's express or implied authority and on behalf of the company. The power may be exercised without using a common seal."

. The Corporations Act…...

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Works Cited

Allen v. Gold Reefs of West Africa [1900] 1Ch 656

Clark and Cripps JJA, 11 ACKC 952 (1993)

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)

Haris, Hargovan, Adam. Australian Corporate Law. Lexis Law (2012).

.." therefore the ADF "will work from a 'whole of government' approach and often in collation with other countries and militaries to provide the outcomes that are needed to meet modern security challenges." (Cosgrove, 2005; p. 3) Cosgrove relates that there are many other agencies "intimately involved in preserving our security, be they law enforcement, border protection, intelligence or other civil authorities and a comprehensive, that is, an enduring solution to global terrorism requires using all aspects of national power, including legal, economic, diplomatic intelligence and military capability." (2005) ecause of the differing roles and the new pressures brought to the environment in the process of the integration of traditional defense functions with law enforcement and civil authorities it is necessary to understand that there are different requirements needed by various entities such as for example: "...military forces need good intelligence but law enforcement agencies need information that meets an…...

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Bibliography

Cosgrove, Peter (2004) a Military Perspective on Civil-Military Cooperation in the War against Terror. Address to the Fulbright Symposium. 5 July 2004. Online available at  http://www.defence.gov.au/cdf/speeches/past/speech20040705.pdf 

Countering the Terrorist Threat (2004) Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia - Chapter 7. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Online available at  http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/chapter7.html 

Whole-of -Government Approach to Present, Resolve and Transform Conflict (2006) U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization. 23 Aug 2006. Online available at  http://www.state.gov/s/crs/rls/71036.htm 

John M. Collins, Grand Strategy: Principles and Practices (Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1973), 14. 20. In Swinsburg, Philip R. (2001) the Strategic Planning Process and the Need for Grand Strategy - School for Advanced Military Studies. Second Term AY 00-01. Online available at http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll3&CISOPTR=407&filename=408.pdf

Another contributing factor is the industry's high fixed costs. These costs increase the exit costs, which is another factor that increases the intensity of rivalry. The third major factor is the degree of consolidation within the industry. Aside from the minor carriers, there are essentially only three major discount airlines operating in the Australian market. Prior to the entrance of Tiger, the two players operated as a duopoly. Tiger increased the level of competition in the market, such that the industry is now characterized by vicious price wars. Corporate stakes can also increase the intensity of rivalry. Qantas owns Jetstar, and as the national carrier must be a major competitive force. Virgin has staked a substantial portion of its business on Virgin Blue. These two companies are highly entrenched in the market with high corporate stakes. The intensity of rivalry in the industry, therefore, is very high.
SOT

The SOT analysis…...

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Works Cited:

Wastnage, J. (2008) Lion in Wait. Travel Weekly, 25 January, p 6

Hadley, M (2007) Rumble in the Jungle. Travel Weekly, 23 March, pp 4-5

Tiger Airways website. (2009). various pages. Retrieved August 20, 2009 from http://www.tigerairways.com/au/en/about_us.php

Delfmann, Werner. (2005). Strategic Management in the Airline Industry. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

Notes On Public Sector Reform and Performance Managementa Australia 1997. Sector Management Act Review Report, viewed 2 October 2005. http://www.dpc.wa.gov.au/psmd/pubs/exec/machgovt/kelly/summary.pdf]

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2001, Publlic sector leadership for the 21st Century, OECD, Paris.

Pollitt, C 2003, he essential public manager, Open University Press, Maidenhead.

Shergold, Peter 2004, Australian Public Sector Governance: Speech at CCH Manual Launch. Viewed 2 October 2005. http://www.pmc.gov.au/speeches/shergold/public_sector_governance_2004-08-05.cfm

Sethi, D 1999, 'leading from the middle', Human Resource Planning, vol. 22, no.3, p.9.

Smith, RFI 2004, 'Focusing on public value: something new or something old?', Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 68-97.

Stewart, RS 1963, he Reality of Management, Pan Books, London.

Press Release: hree decades of change: the Australian public sector

During the 1970s, Australia's declining public wealth began to necessitate a number of reforms. his began by focusing on the financial aspect of the public sector, and there were some rather panicky attempts to reduce spending.…...

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The public sector can therefore no longer afford to focus only on one aspect of service delivery. Indeed, an integrated system is in development, which focuses on central values such as accountability, responsibility and transparency, as well as on skill sets aimed at political management, managing relationships and delivering results.

The Public Service Act of 1999 is a culmination of three decades of continual change. Public servants are all made aware of the central values according to which they are to operate. The public is involved in decision making and managing out practices. Financial and human resources are integrated and utilized to optimize the value of public service delivery.

The future for the public sector in Australia looks rosy if the last three decades are anything to go by. The focus of the sector on modern values that are important to its customers shows that it takes to heart any changes that the business world deems important. This was as true in the 1970s as it is today, and does not seem likely to change in the future. If more businesses followed the strategic reform practices of the Australian public sector, maybe fewer managers would have to give up their ventures.

So the main three players on the Australian mortgage market struggle to obtain larger market shares in the context of increasing the demand for loans. They make use of important loan discounts (which refer to decreasing the commissions/fees / and the interest rate for the mortgages), offer grace periods, and in some cases reduce the level of the documentation that has to be provided for the loan granting procedure. This competition has led to a descending trend for the interest rates (around 7-7.5% in 2003), which mean for the financial institutions additional costs. esides the usual expenditures with implementing an electronic customer-financial institution interface, as to keep-up with the market tendencies, a financial institution must face the issue of decreasing interest rates and offering more benefits to the customer, in order to attract and retain profitable customers (with a certain level of income, performing repeated loan acquisitions during a certain…...

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Bibliography

1) Delloite Report on the Australian mortgage market, in 2005 'Australian morgtage market at a crossroad' http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/Australian%20Mortgage%20Industry%20Report.pdf

Delloite Report on the Australian mortgage market, in 2005 'Australian morgtage market at a crossroad' http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/Australian%20Mortgage%20Industry%20Report.pdf

Public sector agencies are also now interested in creating social coalitions that include families, communities, businesses, government and non-government organizations in order to "help build and support strong, resilient families" (Patterson, 2005: 1). The hope is that government agencies will help build a stronger economy by creating social policies that support families and communities to enable better methods for dealing with difficulties and problems that arise on a daily basis.
ecent public surpluses within the government have caused contemporary PS agencies to focus on giving back to the community and to citizens to focus on better education, healthcare and assistance among other important functions (Paterson, 2005). The government is also now focusing on developing policies that encourage work life balance and responding to community breakdowns; their focus includes providing programs that integrate citizen support in areas including health, early education and creating communities that are child and family oriented, capable…...

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References

Agyeman, M.C. (2004 - Dec). "Human Resource Management and Public Sector

Reforms." 31, October 2005:  http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=72332 

Bois, C.A., Preston, N. & Sampford, C. (1998). Public Sector Ethics: Finding and Implementing Values. London: Routledge.

Bradley, L. & Parker, R. (2001). "Public Sector Change in Australia: Are Managers'

It is well-known that men and women typically experience migration differently, and the challenges of balancing work and care in a new setting often leads to the feminization of women's roles. This is because they find themselves taking up more traditional gender roles as wives and mothers. In Australia, migrant women often experience downward occupational mobility and a re-orientation away from paid work and towards the domestic sphere (Ho, 2006).
Globally, the key factors that prevent women from rising to the top of their professions are usually very similar. There are four common barriers that usually come into play. These include workplaces that are male dominated, childcare issues, administering family commitments, and a lack of suitable development opportunities (Shi, 2009). The amount of women in leadership positions is going up and yet more are still needed to sufficiently reflect and represent their exclusive needs and views in government and the…...

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References

"Aust legal system may face challenges over migrant attitudes to women."2010, Viewed 26 May

Inglis, C 2003, "Mothers, Wives, and Workers: Australia's Migrant Women." Viewed 26 May 2010,

Alcorso, Caroline "Migrant women, marginality and public policy" Infocus (Ethnic

Communities' Council of NSW) 18(4) 1995, pp 22-23.

The Spirit-Child birth and connection to Dream shows the Aboriginal belief that they are tied to all things magical. According to research, "Aboriginal man was linked to the Dreaming, to the creative era, and contained within himself part of the essence of the mythic beings," (Berndt 8). The culture strongly emphasized the existence of spiritual beings living alongside the Aboriginals themselves. Aboriginals "saw themselves as living representations of such beings," (Berndt 8). This provides them a greater sense of meaning and connection to the world around them. The child is not of this world, it is not tainted by the physical act of sec. ather, "he enters that world possessing already an innate sacredness," (Berndt 8). This makes each child a spiritual and magical being, transcending the position as a product of a physical union. It also allows for stronger ties to individual tribe locations -- for the children come…...

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References

Berndt, Ronald Murray. Australian Aboriginal Religion. Brill Archive.

Merlan, Francesca. "Australian Conception Beliefs Revisited." Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 21(3):474-493. Retrieved using JSTOR 15 Feb 2010 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2803097.

Moyle, Alice M. "The Australian Didjeridu: A Late Musical Intrusion." World Archeology. 12(3):321-331. Retrieved using JSTOR 15 Feb 2010 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/124244

Lewellen, Ted C. Political Anthropology: An Introduction. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey. 1992.

I. Introduction
A. Definition of migration
B. Importance of studying migration in Trinidad and Australia
C. Thesis statement: The causes and consequences of migration in Trinidad and Australia

II. Causes of Migration
A. Economic reasons
1. Job opportunities
2. Better living standards
B. Social reasons
1. Education
2. Family reunification
C. Environmental reasons
1. Natural disasters
2. Climate change

III. Consequences of Migration
A. Economic consequences
1. Remittances
2. Labor force dynamics
B. Social consequences
1. Cultural diversity
2. Integration challenges
C. Political consequences
1. Immigration policies
2. Impact on national identity

IV. Migration in Trinidad
A. Historical background
1. Colonial era
2.....

Outline for an Essay on "The Causes and Consequences of Migration in Trinidad and Australia"

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a captivating statistic or personal anecdote related to migration.
B. Thesis statement: Clearly state the argument that migration in Trinidad and Australia has multiple causes and consequences.

II. Causes of Migration: Trinidad
A. Economic factors: Discuss the role of unemployment, low wages, and economic inequality in driving migration.
B. Social factors: Explore issues such as crime, political instability, and discrimination.
C. Environmental factors: Consider the impact of natural disasters and climate change on migration patterns.

III. Causes of Migration: Australia
A. Economic opportunities: Highlight the appeal of higher....

The inclusion of Indigenous knowledge and skills in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) curriculum has become increasingly important in recent years. Many scholars and educators argue that incorporating Indigenous knowledge can improve educational outcomes and better prepare students for the workforce.
One study by Stavrou et al. (2019) examined the inclusion of Indigenous knowledge in TVET programs in Australia and found that integrating traditional knowledge into the curriculum helped Indigenous students stay engaged and motivated in their studies. Another study by Ayano et al. (2018) in Ethiopia highlighted the importance of incorporating Indigenous knowledge in TVET programs to preserve....

## Internal Migration and the Cultural Landscape of English-Speaking Countries

Internal migration, the movement of individuals within a country, has played a pivotal role in shaping the cultural landscape of English-speaking countries, leaving an enduring impact on their demographics, social dynamics, and cultural tapestry.

Demographic Shifts:

Urbanization: Internal migration contributed to the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to urban centers seeking employment and opportunities. This urbanization led to the concentration of population and the emergence of distinct urban cultures.
Demographic Diversity: Migration from different regions within a country or from abroad brought together individuals with diverse backgrounds, ethnicities,....