" He also appointed two individuals to distribute the grain, and like all political appointments during this time period, only individuals who met with Augustus' approval had any enforcement power. Thus he gave the appearance of being concerned with the people's welfare, of not wanting to be a dictator, yet gained more political and popular power.
Augustus' power was derived from a popular, if not an electoral mandate that extended even to the histories written about him after his death. For example, in what seems like a blatant contradiction, although Augustus substantially increased the territory of Rome, it was said: "he never made war on any nation without just and due cause" by Cassius Dio. Augustus was beloved because he restored many ancient works of art, because he spoke highly of Rome's great past, and commissioned many public acts of beautification and public works. He was also willing to delegate some…...

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Works Cited

Cassius Dio. Roman History. Translated by Earnest Cary. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1927. Complete text available February 21, 2009 at  http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html 

Suetonius. "Life of Augustus." Translated by J.C. Rolfe Translation. Loeb Classical Library.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1914. Complete text available February 21, 2009 at  http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus *.html

And besides, Suetonius had access to Augustus' personal correspondence and so had a better glimpse into the character of the man himself -- habitual grammatical lapses and all -- than we do. His vices and eccentricities are here along with his virtues.
So where is the coherent coverage of the civil wars? It may simply have been a casualty of Suetonius' "grammatical" biographical approach, which organizes its material along thematic and not chronological lines and so can mislead modern readers looking for a more straightforward year-to-year narrative. Significantly, the wars are the first of the "subject headings" (49) into which Suetonius dissects Augustus and his imperial career, and thus arguably the most important. It is only by accident that this section of the text follows immediately on the prefatory discussion of Augustus' upbringing and early career, just as it would in a chronological narrative. After this, it is easy for…...

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Works Cited

Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Trans. Robert Graves. New York: Penguin, 1979. Print.

Gaius Octavius (Augustus)
Reformation of the Roman Empire under Augustus' Administration

Upon Julius Caesar's death in 44 BC, Gaius Octavius or Octavian ascended from being a senator to consul and eventually, in 29 BC, he became the emperor of the Roman Empire. Under his administration, social, cultural, and political reforms were implemented to restore Rome's glory after the political chaos that the empire had experienced over the past decade. The development of the Augustan Age, or more aptly called the Golden Age of Roman culture, vital social changes were created to deconstruct the existing structures and institutions that have always prevailed in Roman society.

In terms of political reform, the Augustan administration during this period has gradually shown flexibility in exercising the freedom of the civil society, as the power and influence of the monarchy had shown inconsistency in maintaining political stability and order in the Empire. Under his administration, the number of…...

The Campus was a busy place, a place where the remains of Augustus would have been a constant reminder of a once great emperor.
The view from Augustus' Mausoleum is looking out upon the garden side of the Campus Martius, not the city side (Lanciani; 1897). "His es gestae inscribed on two bronze pillars set up in front of his mausoleum, and elsewhere, gives a valuable account of his principate and, more relevantly, his building programme. The document is an impressive one. In it he records:

built the Curia [Julia, 29 BC]... The Temple of Divine Julius [29 BC]... I completed the Forum Julium and the Basilica [Julia]... I rebuilt eighty-two temples of the gods in the city during my sixth Consulship [28 BC] in accordance with a decree of the Senate... On [my] private land I built the Temple of Mars Ultor and the Forum of Augustus from the spoils…...

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References

Lanciani, R. (1897). The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97545819 

Robathan, D.M. (1950). The Monuments of Ancient Rome. Rome: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5690743 

Sear, F. (1998). Roman Architecture. London: Routledge. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106164707 

Severy, B. (2003). Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire. New York: Routledge. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106425291

Baron Von Steuben
Friedrich ilhelm Augustus von Steuben was born to a military family in the Prussian garrison town of Magdeburg in 1730. King Friedrich ilhelm II was one of his godfathers, which indicated that the family stood high in royal favor at that time (Lockhart 2). Steuben's military credentials were genuine, since his father was an officer in the Prussian Army as were three of his uncles, and he served as an enlisted man then an officer for seventeen years. No one else on the American side had remotely the same amount of professional military experience, nor would any other officer have been as capable of carrying out the necessary training and organization of the new Continental Army from 1777. Although baptized a Calvinist, as an adult Steuben showed no interest in organized religion and was an admirer of French philosophes and skeptics like Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot. Prussia in…...

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WORKS CITED

Lockhart, Paul Douglas. The Drillmaster of Valley Forge: The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army. NY: HarperCollins, 2010.

A humble Boston boot maker nicknamed the ‘Father of Probation’, John Augustus was a pioneer in his efforts to campaign for convicted criminals to receive more lenient sentences based on backgrounds. (Jones and Braswell) His attempt at rehabilitating the criminal was so successful that even today’s standards do not match it. Because of his noble efforts and high success rate, numerous Boston organizations and philanthropists aided and devoted themselves to his cause. He became the first probation officer, lasting eighteen years in helping convicted criminals gain a second chance. He helped almost 2,000 people with only 4 criminals proving unworthy of probation. (Jones and Braswell) Back when probation was not practiced in the United States, criminals had no real chance at rehabilitation. This is because the United States Criminal Justice System had adopted a British means of handling criminals via applying to the king for a pardon. While the kind of…...

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Works Cited

Hess, Karen M, et al. Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Cengage Learning, 2016.

Jones, Mark, and Michael C. Braswell. Exploring Corrections in America. Anderson, 2010.

 

Octavian and oman Empire
oman Empire witnessed the rise and fall of so many emperors that it is hard to decide which one of them had the greatest influence on the empire. But historians have still made an attempt to found out just which ruler proved to be most influential in consolidating the empire and they unanimously agree that Octavian was the man who can be called the greatest emperor because of his numerous achievements and for the fact that unlike other rulers, he was never dethroned. It might appear strange to some but Octavian despite being the ruler of an immensely large empire did not encounter revolt and what never uprooted but history tells us that it was more due to his own cleverness and shred political skills than people's loyalty or devotion towards him. Shotter (1991) maintains that Augustus was so successful as oman emperor because he "displayed a…...

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References

D. Shotter, Augustus Caesar, London, 1991.

J.B. Firth, Augustus Caesar London, 1903

Stanley Chodorow: The Mainstream of Civilization to 1715, International Thomson Publishing January, 1994

ES Shuckburgh, Augustus Caesar 30 April, 1995

Lusnia characterizes this concept as the persistence of signs that foretell of one's "imperial destiny." (517) Namely, this refers to the adoption of personal signs and symbols with some likely connection to historical imperial iconography and suggesting the principles of strength, virility, valor and divinity. hether present or not throughout the life of the figure in question -- Augustus in this case -- the recurrence of certain specific images such as the laurel, retained within recurrent thematic contexts such as the Octavian 'garden,' would truly be intended to insist upon the hereditary and theological entitlement of Augustus to a seat atop the Roman Empire.
That unification, rebirth and flourishing growth would be themes of the Augustan rule should suggest to us that the images contained in Roman life and in the visual depiction of Roman life were not chosen in idle vanity. Instead, the must be a core psychological imperative…...

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Works Cited

Caneva, G. & Bohuny, L. (2003). Botanic analysis of Livia's villa painted flora. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4(2), 149-155.

Flory, M.B. (1989). Octavian and the Omen of the 'Gallina Alba.' The Classical Journal, 84(4), 346-356.

Gabriel, M.M. (). Livia's Garden Room at Prima Porta.

Hoover, M. (2001). The Fine Art of Roman Wall Painting. San Antonio University. Online at http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm

Royal Magistrate courts were installed because of Henry II, making it easier for justice to be done, as local disputes no longer had to be arbitrated by the Crown. The English law system was antiquated during Henry's reign, given that people settled their disputes through trial by ordeal or through trial by combat. The King was supportive toward a system that would employ several individuals forming a jury meant to decide whether a particular individual was guilty or not.

Members of the church were advantaged during the early years of Henry II's reign, since they did not have to subject to the same laws applied to normal individuals. Being aware of this injustice, Henry set out several laws which were meant to limit the church's influence and to make the law equally applicable for everyone (Sherman & Salisbury, 258). In spite of his strength of mind, he experienced little success in…...

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Works cited:

1. Dewes Winspear, Alban and Kramp Geweke, Lenore Augustus and the Reconstruction of Roman Government and Society (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1935).

2. Easton, Stewart C. And Wieruszowski, Helene The Era of Charlemagne: Frankish State and Society (Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing, 1961).

3. Firth, J.B. "Preface," The Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church (New York G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1905).

4. Hecht, N.S. Jackson, B.S. Passamaneck, S.M. Piattelli, D. And Rabello, A.M. eds., An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Conventional literature would come to see Cleopatra as an exploitive whore, responsible for the downfall
of virtuous men like the Ptolemies, Julius Caesar and, inevitably, Marc
Antony as well. So is this reported by historical accounts such as that by
Cassius Dio who reflected that "Indeed she so enchanted and enthralled not
only Antony but all others who counted for anything with him that she came
to entertain the hope that she would rule the Romans as well, and whenever
she took an oath, the most potent phrase she used were the words, 'So
surely as I shall one day give judgement [sic] on the Capitol.'" (Cassius
Dio, 39) The argument given here in defining her persona would be the
clear understanding of her imperialist intent, so to say that it had been
always an ambition for this ruler to extend the Egyptian influence to new
heights. The Roman perspective turns our attention to some correlation
between the two distinct personas which…...

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Works Cited:

Ashmawy, A.K. (1995). Cleopatra: The Last Pharoah, B.C. 69-30. History

of Alexandria. Online at <

http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/alexandria/History/cleo.html>

Burstein, S.M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Greenwood Publishing

Group.

growing power of the Patricians during the fifth century B.C. influenced the Plebeians in wanting to have political equality to the upper classes. The common people realized that they held great power in the state and that by emphasizing the important role they played they would succeed in persuading Patricians to share their power. The fact that ome was at war with neighboring tribes concomitantly with this conflict enabled Patricians to understand that they had to cede power in order to achieve success.
Plebeians were unsatisfied with the unimportant role they held in politics and they struggled to make Patricians provide them with the opportunity to occupy public offices. In spite of the fact that they were provided with access to all offices, the Plebeians continued to be control by Patricians through other means and the condition of the average Plebeian did not change significantly.

Augustus Caesar is the first emperor…...

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References:

McKay, J.P., 2009, A history of world societies, 8th edition, Bedford / St. Martin's

Each and every one of these deeds may not have been universally good, some of them might even have been exaggerated, but Augustus needed to reconcile the supporters of the old forms to the ideas of a new era. The Republic was gone; the Augustinian state had replaced it. Augustus was self-serving in the greater interests of Rome, as well as of himself and his family, while Tacitus served only ideals that had, for better or worse, been replaced by dreams that suited the present time.
orks Cited

Achievements of the Divine Augustus. Trans. Brunt, P.A. & Moore, J.M. London: 1967.

Goodyear, F.R.D. The Annals of Tacitus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Haynes, Holly. The History of Make-Believe: Tacitus on Imperial Rome. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.

O'Gorman, Ellen. Irony and Misreading in the Annals of Tacitus. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Holly Haynes, The History of Make-Believe: Tacitus on Imperial Rome…...

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Works Cited

Achievements of the Divine Augustus. Trans. Brunt, P.A. & Moore, J.M. London: 1967.

Goodyear, F.R.D. The Annals of Tacitus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Haynes, Holly. The History of Make-Believe: Tacitus on Imperial Rome. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.

O'Gorman, Ellen. Irony and Misreading in the Annals of Tacitus. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Roman Religion
Although the ancient Roman religion might seem a far cry from today';s contemporary context, in reality Roman religion continues to inform and shape Western culture to this day (the celebration of Christmas being one example). While there are a number of literary sources which provide contemporary scholars with information about Roman religions, both in terms of belief and practice, this religions information is encoded into the landscape and physical space of Rome itself, from the layout of its forums to the sculptures which adorn its altars. y examining three such sources in detail, the Ara Pacis, the Forum of Augustus, and the grove of the Arval rothers, one will be able to understand how Roman religion permeated Roman social and political identity and organizations, and furthermore, how these concurrent strains of identity-formation and power relations etched themselves into the very physical objects left behind to be discovered and discussed…...

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Bibliography

Ando, Clifford. The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University

of California Press, 2008.

Beard, Mary, John North, and Simon Price. Religions of Rome, Volume 1: A History. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1998.

But Augustus' real administrative breakthrough was to make the second element in the social and financial hierarchy, being the knights, into salaried employees of the State, both in civil jobs and in the army, for these men had already, over a long passage of time, been showing their talents for business and administration. But apart from their employment as judges, which was often highly contested by some senators, they had never before been systematically mobilized to occupy official posts. The knights, then, broadened the scope of Augustus' assistants in a very valuable way because they represented a whole class of new men from the towns of Italy and the provinces who felt somewhat unattached to the ideals of the traditional Republican leadership and were thus susceptible to the appeal of the new regime headed by none other than Augustus.

Unfortunately, this new system was doomed to failure, not so much on…...

8).
b. Synopsis.

i. The Civil War is over, Congress establishes peacetime troops, and arranges for black soldiers to serve in their own units led by white officers. The black troops, filthy, without uniforms, and underfed, meet their new Sargeant Major Roscoe Brassard. Brassard is angered by their sad appearance and the fact that they are hungry and quickly goes about correcting their living conditions. They make the trip to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas.

1. Augustus Talbot is a slave. He was kidnapped by Kiowi Indians and kept several years by them, then sold to a farmer, who required him to shoot buffalo for the skins. A party of Buffalo Soldiers comes upon him, there is an altercation, and Augustus' master dies. The soldiers take Augustus back to the fort with them and recommend that he be inducted because of his sharp shooting abilities and because his years living with the Kiowa…...

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4. The Indians come back the next morning and attack the Agency. The Buffalo Soldiers "responded with withering fire from their Spencers, repulsing the attack," and thus prove their mettle. Selona's father Moss Liberty dies from his wounds after extracting a promise from Augustus that he will take care of Selona. Augustus and Selona get married the following week. And begin a life together.

5. While out on patrol, Augustus meets the brother of his former owner who tells him that his former owner's farm has been foreclosed by the bank and that he (the brother) is going to buy the farm, plough it under, and plant cotton. Augustus' parents are both buried there. Augustus digs up their graves and takes their bones home for proper burial.

A iii. In Part 3, (1880-1882) at Fort Davis Selona and Augustus have one child Adrian and adopt another, David, born the same week, whose mother died. They have a