properties of a Carbon atom that make it ideally suited to produce varied carbon skeletons?
Besides water, carbon molecules are the most significant contributors to life. The structural and functional diversity of organic molecules emerges from the ability of carbon to form large, complex and diverse molecules by bonding to itself and to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules. Each one has an atomic number of 6; therefore, it has 4 valence electrons. This means that these electron completes its outer energy shell by sharing valence electrons in four covalent bonds and are not likely to form ionic bonds. Covalent bonds link carbon atoms together in long chains that form the skeletal framework for organic molecules.

Discuss what would happen if no water was present during degradation of a bio-molecule.

Since bio-molecules are complex they are made up of…...

Chemical reactions occur when atoms, molecules, and ions interact with one other to form new substances. Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Chemical bonds between atoms follow rules based on patterns of electron distribution within the involved atoms. When reactions take place, energy exchange occurs. When chemical bonds are broken, energy is released. When new bonds are formed, energy is stored.
There are many types of chemical reactions. They can be loosely classified by the type of chemical change taking place. Several basic reaction types are encountered in cellular processes. Hydrolytic reactions use the addition of water molecules to break apart large molecules. Hydrolysis is used during digestion to break large molecules down into their smaller components. In a hydrolytic reaction, the hydroxyl group from the water molecule is added to one part of the larger molecule and the hydrogen atom is added to the other side of…...

Strategic Management Case Study of Atom Films
Summarize AtomFilms business model using the Who, What, How framework. Assess whether and why the elements of the business model are mutually consistent and reinforcing.

Examining the AtomFilms business model in accordance with the Who, What, How framework would necessarily begin by reviewing the qualifications and credentials of Mika Salami, the company's founder. Salami possesses both a formal business education (MBA from INSEAD in France) and the specialized expert knowledge on short films that drives AtomFilms creative vision. In addition to Salami, AtomFilms is operated under the supervision of Jannat Gargi, who heads the content acquisition department, and Brian Burke, head of content distribution. Although these areas are identified as critical by the case study, the only subsequent information provided about either individual is that "Jannat Gargi's approach to acquiring content was by building awareness at major film festivals by using a grassroots public relations:…...

Dalton's research was based on the works of several other scientists and chemists, such as Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 law of conservation of mass or law of definite proportions first proven by Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 (Atomic Theory).

However, Dalton's theory of atoms was not complete or entirely correct and his work was further improved by the works of Amadeo Avogadro and others. In 1897, J.J. Thompson revealed that the atom was not the smallest particle as he discovered the electron, proving that there are other particles called elementary particles. Thomposon was also the first to discover the existence of isotopes.

Atomic theory was further improved by the works of Ernest Rutherford, who "discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume, which he assumed to be at the very center" (Atomic Theory), the center being called nucleos.

In 1913…...

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Bibliography

Ancient Atomism, first published Tue Aug 23, 2005; substantive revision Tue Oct 18, 2005, available at  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/#5 ;

Atomic Theory, available at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory ;

Carpi, Anthony, Atomic Theory I, the Early Days, available at  http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=50 ;

History of atomic theory, available at http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567432_9/Atom.html.

adioactivity
The transformation of atoms in a matter results in emission of radiations giving rise to release of energy that are of categorized under three heads. There are several uses of such radiations. The significance of this paper lies in the necessity of being aware of different types of the radiations as the very universe that we live on has been radioactive since its origin.

The matter is formed out of the atoms which are considered normally to be stable. However, some of them are automatically altered to form emission of radiation that release energy. Such an activity is known as radioactivity. The natural radioactivity was first discovered by A.H. Becquerel in 1896 with making the salts of uranium to approach the vicinity of an unexposed photographic plate meticulously safeguarded from light. The radiation out of the uranium salts also results in a charged electroscope to discharge. (adioactivity: The Columbia Encyclopedia)

There exist…...

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References

Radioactive decay. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from   Accessed on 17 February, 2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity 

Radioactivity in nature. Idaho State University. Retrieved from  http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/natural.htm 

Accessed on 17 February, 2005

Radioactivity. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2001. Retrieved from   Accessed on 17 February, 2005http://www.bartleby.com/65/ra/radioact.html 

NM Spectra
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NM) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques available to determine the arrangement of atoms in the structure of a molecule. Organic molecules composed principally of hydrogen and carbon atoms can be analyzed using techniques of proton (1H) and carbon-13 (13C) NM spectroscopy. The basic interpretation of the NM spectra for a molecule observes several properties including the strength and intensity of the magnetic field used to produce a peak, the interaction of the atom with atoms around it and the effects of neighboring atoms on spectra themselves. Analysis of the relative location of a peak in an NM spectrum (called the chemical shift) and the splitting of that peak can provide significant information about the structure of a molecule. More detailed information about molecular structure can be determined through 2-dimensional techniques where the NM pulses producing a magnetic field are combined and…...

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References

Carey, F.A., & Giuliano, R.M. (2008). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw Hill.

Pauli, W. (1940) . The connection between spin and statistics. Physical Review B. 15, 716-730.

Roberts, R.M.; Glibert, J.C.; Rodewald, L.B.; Wingrove, A.S.(1982) Modern Experimental Organic Chemistry (pp. 239). New York, NY: CBS College Publishing.

Silverstein, R.M.; Bassler, G.C.; Morrill, T.C. (1974) Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 3rd Ed. (p. 24). New York, NY: Wiley.

Quantum mechanics is a theory that has emerged in the study of both chemistry and physics and has been received with a lot of enthusiasm. Nobel laureate physicist Philip Anderson goes as far as naming quantum mechanics the greatest invention of the last 2000 years, describing its impact saying,
The quantum theory forces a revision of our mode of thinking, which is far more profound than Newtonian mechanics or the Copernican revolution or relativity... It tells us that we really completely know the rules of the game which all these particles and quanta are playing, so that if we are clever enough we can understand everything about ourselves and our world. In other words, there is no "why" question about our everyday world that the quantum theory can't answer for is - Why is the sky blue? Why is glass transparent? What holds DNA together? Why does the sun shine? -…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, P. "Quantum Theory." In The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. Ed. John Brockman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

Boslough, J. Masters of Time. London: Orion Books, 1992.

Brown, T.L., LeMay, H.E., & Bursten, B.E. Chemistry: The Central Science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.

Daintith, J. A Concise Dictionary of Chemistry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Bias of Authors Regarding America Dropping the Atom Bomb on Japan
This paper examines what has been written about the dropping of the atom bomb on Japan, following the attack on Pearl Harbor. The writer details several articles and explores where the writer is coming from and what may have led to a particular slant on a story regarding the bomb. There were six sources used to complete this paper.

THE BIAS OF AUTHORS REGARDING THE ATOM BOMB AND JAPAN

The atom bomb was dropped on Japan to make a statement to the world. It was not just that the U.S. wanted Japan to understand attacking Pearl Harbor was wrong, but Japan was the example the United States made for the world. The message was loud and clear that if the U.S. is attacked the enemy will be hit back ten fold and then some. In addition to it being a message to…...

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Works Cited

Davis, Raymond. Clear Conscience: The Atom Bomb Vs. The Super Holocaust by Raymond Davis, Dan Winn (Preface)

Roleff, Tamara. The Atom Bomb (Turning Points in World History (Greenhaven Press).)

CREAN Mike, No hate after Hiroshima., The Press (Canterbury, New Zealand), 02-19-2002, pp 4.

Allan H. 'Bud' Selig, U.S. owes world apology for dropping atomic bombs., USA Today, 08-05-1994, pp 12.

(Source: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html).
Assignment 2-1 -- a- Radiation may be considered information from space; different types of information from different sources. These are: 1) Light as a wave and particle, 2) Electromagnetism, 3) Cosmic Rays and 4) Ultraviolet radiation.

Part 2-1-B- Light may be measured by telescopes; other space radiation by radio waves; x-ray machines may absorb cosmic and x-ray energy.

Part 2-1-C- Stars and Planets emit electromagnetic; Sun emits UV, Electromagnetic and light; light intensity, etc. Measuring radiation from objects tells us numerous things; age of object, comparative data between object, distance, intensity, level of danger, potential changes within object over time.

Part 2-1-D- Spectrographs, radio frequency detectors, x-ray machines.

Part 2-2-a -- an atom is the smallest unit of matter; ions are types of atoms in which the protons and electrons (parts of the atomic structure) are not equal. Ions can exist independently in solution, while atoms may or may not be able…...

The Golgi receives new proteins and lipids from the ER, finishes them up, addresses them and sends them to their final destination. In this way, the Golgi could be the postal service of the city. Lysosomes get rid of unusable waste within the cell and recycles those materials that can be reused, making it the recycling and garbage center of the city. Mitochondria are where ATP, the main energy molecule, is made. It could be considered the city's power plant. Then we have the cell's cytoskeleton, which gives the cell its shape, strength and its ability to move. It can be looked at as the roadways and bridges of the city. ("Chemical Composition of the Body," 2005)
Cells do not act alone and have help from things like enzymes to complete their job. Enzymes are proteins make chemical reactions within cells occur faster ("Chemical Composition of the Body," 2005). ithout…...

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WORKS CITED

Biology-Online. (2005, May 15) "Chemical composition of the body." Retrieved December 2, 2011 from www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.htm.

Farabee, M.J. (2010a, May 18) Online Biology Book. "Introduction: The nature of science and biology." Retrieved December 1, 2011 from www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookintro.html .

(2010b, May 18) Online Biology Book. "Chemistry II: Water and organic materials." Retrieved December 2, 2011 from www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookchem2.html .

Whitmarsh, John and Govindjee. (1995) "Photosynthesis." Encyclopedia of Applied Physics.(Vol. 13): 513-532. VCH Publishers, Inc.

Science
What are the steps of scientific method? What good is it? Does it prove anything? What's a variable? What a control vs. An experimental factor? What makes a good experiment?

Steps of scientific method:

Ask a question

Do background research

Construct a hypothesis

Test your hypothesis

Analyze your data

f. Communicate your results

The scientific method is good because it allows other scientists to repeat your experiment and all researchers to use the same method of investigation.

A variable is the thing in an experiment which varies from subject to subject.

A control in an experiment is the thing that remains the same. Experimental factors are the factors that are being tested and are changing.

e. Good data and accurate experimentation make a good experiment.

How does evolution explain the diversity of life we see today? What is natural selection and how does it work? What do we mean by adaptations?

Evolution explains the diversity of life we see today because species change…...

This means that all of the stars in the universe must be moving away from Earth. If all of the stars are moving away, the Universe itself must be expanding. It was this discovery of the Doppler Effect in star light that led to the Big Bang Theory. (Science Clarified)
The Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed on November 7, 1940. Incredibly, the whole collapse was caught on tape. atching the tape, it is clear that the bridge collapsed from instability caused by enormous waves moving with periodic motion through the structure of the bridge. It is not clear, however, what caused this wave motion in the first place, or what caused it to get progressively worse until it destroyed the bridge. The cause of the collapse of the bridge continues to be a subject of debate among engineers.

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was one of the earliest and longest suspension bridges. It…...

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Works Cited

"Atom Model History." Center for Teaching and Learning in the West. Colorado State University. Web. 15 May 2010.

"Doppler Effect." Science Clarified. Web. 15 May 2010.

"Ernest Rutherford." SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Virtual Visitor's Center. Stanford University. Web. 15 May 2010.

Irvine, Tom. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure. Vibrationdata. Web. 15 May 2010.

" (Avogadro)
His most well-known contribution to the field of chemistry was the statement titled; the Avogadro constant or Avogadro number. Avogadro stated that "a mole equals 6.022 x 1023." (American) It also states that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure have the same amount of molecules.

Avogadro's number really means the number of molecules in a mole. His number is essential in chemistry because it calculates the amount of pure substances in stoichiometric relationships. It also determines how much heavier a simple molecule of one gas is than that of another. This number is also very large 6.0221367x10^23. However, Avogadro only hypothesized this and he was not responsible for calculating it, Loschmidt was. (Furtsch)

Even though, Avogadro was not fully responsible for the discovery of the mole, he did solve many controversies and gathered enough research for other scientists, like Loschmidt, to calculate. His curiosity led him to…...

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Works Cited

Determination of the Avogadro Constant. 1974. American Physical Society, Washington D.C. 17 June 1974

 http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v33/p463 

Furtsch, T.A. "Some Notes on Avogadro's Number" Online posting. Tennessee Technological University. 12 January 2007. http://gemini.tntech.edu/~tfurtsch/scihist/avogadro.htm

The Avogadro Number. 1996. University of West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica, 1 April 2002. http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/courses/pH/avono.html

The temperatures on Saturn, which average in the range of -99 F. To -290 F, or -73 C. To -179 C, mean that ethynyl's highly reactive status is necessary to perform the chemical process that results in the creation of triacetylene and the polyynes that serve as ultraviolet radiation shields and appear as haze from a distance (About that, 2009, Scientific Blogging). Saturn is otherwise too cold to have the heat to propel chemical reactions, in the absence of reactive molecules like ethynyl.
The modeling techniques used by the scientists to reproduce this process involved crossed molecular beam machines to "collide supersonic gaseous beams of ethynyl and diacetylene molecules," and a mass spectrometer measurement of the reaction (About that, 2009, Scientific Blogging). Analysis confirmed that the results of the collision yielded triacetylene, plus a single hydrogen atom. Later computations also confirmed the spectrometer's analysis of the distribution of electrons in…...

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Works Cited

About that triacetylene in Titan's atmosphere. (2009, September 27). Scientific Blogging

Retrieved October 6, 2009

 http://www.scientificblogging.com/news_articles/about_triacetylene_titans_atmosphere 

Chemistry of Titan's hazy atmosphere unraveled. (2009, October 4). Science Daily. Retrieved October 6, 2009

abundant elements that occur in living organisms are as follows: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. These and all elements are made up of atoms, which are the primary units of matter. Molecules are groups of atoms that are covalently bonded. Covalent bonds occur when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This is different from ionic bonds, which arise when an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions takes place. Elements are substances that cannot be chemically dissected into simpler kinds of matter. Compounds, however, are atoms of two or more elements that are united by chemical bonds.
The parts of an atom include protons, neutrons, and electrons. These are all called subatomic particles. Protons, which are part of the nucleus of an atom, have positive electrical charges. Neutrons, which are also part of the nucleus of an atom, and as the name indicates, are neutral…...

....

One of the most interesting issues in international relations is the role that nuclear weapons play in the effort to obtain peace.  Many people suggest that nuclear weapons can preserve peace.  The United States was the first country to actively deploy nuclear weapons in an effort to shorten a war by dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The widespread destruction, which was unlike anything ever experienced in a war up to that point, is often credited with ushering in the end of World War II, at least in the Pacific....

What is the history of nursing in Ghana?

Many articles that explore the history of nursing are very focused on the evolution and history of nursing in the Western world, which leads people to mistakenly conclude that nursing evolved in the West and then was transported to other parts of the world, including Ghana.  On the contrary, Ghana has a rich tradition of nurses as healthcare practitioners and the profession evolved in Ghana alongside developments in other parts of the world. The history of nursing in Ghana may not contain any figures as....

Topic Idea 1: Primate Social Structure and Hierarchies

- Discuss the diverse social structures observed in primate species, ranging from egalitarian to strictly hierarchical systems.
- Analyze the factors contributing to the formation and maintenance of social hierarchies in primates, such as dominance, kinship, and alliances.
- Explore the mechanisms used by primates to communicate social status, such as vocalizations, body language, and facial expressions.
- Investigate the implications of social hierarchies on the behavior, mating strategies, and reproductive success of individual primates.

Topic Idea 2: Primate Communication and Language

- Discuss the various modes of communication employed by primates, including vocalizations, gestures, facial expressions, and....