In these cases, it has been mentioned that only those diabetics can benefit from the use of aspirin that have had a heart attack in the past. Thus, the usage of aspirin can help in prevention of any future heart attacks3 (p. 2365).
Analysis of Chosen studies

Study 1

The first study "Use of aspirin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients in an ambulatory care setting in Spain," has been conducted on diabetic patients. It has mentioned that diabetics are at an increased risk of cardiovascular malfunction as compared to normal population. As the title of the study indicates, the focus is on the diabetics in Spain. They study has focused on the effects of using certain drugs and medications in order to reduce or to prevent the risk of heart attacks in diabetics. The study has mentioned that the usage of salicylic acid for primary and…...

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References

1. Chan KLF, Jessica YL, Ching MPH, Lawrence CT, Hung MD, Wong VSW, Leung KSV, Kung NN, Hui, AJ, Wu JCY, Leung KW, Lee WYV, Lee K, Lee TY, Lau WY, to FK, Chan HLY, Chung S, and Sung JJY. Clopidogrel vs. Aspirin and Esomeprazole to Prevent Recurrent Ulcer Bleeding. N Engl J. Med. 2005; 352:238-244.

2. Falk E, and Fernandez-Ortiz a. Role of thrombosis in atherosclerosis and its complications. American Journal of Cardiology. 1995: 75: 5B-11B.

3. Smith CS, Allen J, Blair JN, Bonow or, Brass LM, Fonarow, CG, Grundy, MS, Hiratzka L, Jones D, Krumholz, HM, Mosca L, Pasternak CR, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, and Taubert KA. AHA/ACC Guidelines for Secondary Prevention for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2006 Update, Endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006; 113: 2363-2372.

4. Keith a. Regulating Information About Aspirin and the Prevention of Heart Attack. The American Economic Review. 1995: 85: 96-99.

Aspirin -- Wonder Drug
Today, we pretty much take aspirin for granted, but when it was developed it was a true "wonder" drug that could cure a variety of ills, and today, it still fits that bill. Aspirin was first discovered in 1897 by a German chemist, Dr. Felix Hoffman, who worked for the Bayer Company. He was looking for some kind of medication to help his father's suffering from rheumatism. What he came up with became what people regarded as a wonder drug at the time, because it was such an effective painkiller. Bayer obtained an original patent in Germany for the medication in 1899, and patented it in the United States in 1900. Initially, the drug only came in powder form, and the manufacturer sent it to pharmacies in bulk. The pharmacists dispensed it to patients in paper bags that held one gram of the medication.

The first mention of…...

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References

"Aspirin." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004.

Editors. "The World of Aspirin." Aspirin.com. 2005. 22 Aug. 2005.

<  http://www.aspirin.com/world_of_aspirin_en.html# 

Flieger, Ken. "Aspirin: A New Look at an Old Drug." FDA Consumer Jan.-Feb. 1994: 18+.

Aspirin from when it was first discovered to its relevant use today, and include when Aspirin was first discovered and its initial therapeutic use. It will also discuss today's therapeutic use to its initial market use. When Aspirin was first discovered, people considered it a wonder drug, and today, it is still one of the most commonly recognized and used drugs in the world. Aspirin has been replaced in many therapies by synthetic derivatives, but Aspirin is still a vital drug for treating a variety of aches, pains, fever, and even reduce the threat of heart attacks.
Technically, aspirin is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid (ASA), used to "lower fever, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and thin the blood" ("Aspirin"). A chemist at the Bayer Company in Germany first created Aspirin in 1897. Dr. Felix Hoffmann, the discoverer, was looking for something to help ease his father's rheumatism when he…...

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References

Aspirin." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2000.

Editors. "The World of Aspirin." Aspirin.com. 2004. 12 April 2004.  http://www.aspirin.com/world_of_aspirin_en.html# 

Gribbin, August. "Plastic Aspirin Gets Rave Reviews." Insight on the News 2 Oct. 2000: 28.

NSAIDs Case Study AssignmentNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs), also available on prescription, have been among the most regularly instructedpharmaceuticals in the universe: Ibuprofen and Aspirin. It is due to their broad spectrum of painkiller drugs andanti-inflammatory. The molecular formula of NSAIDs and their preference for cyclooxygenase are used to classify them. Therefore, this paper presents a case study of the 65 yr. Older man having chronic kidney disease after using NSAID Ibuprofen for a long time and case study of low dose aspirin by patients with coronary artery disease.a)Based on many health conditions, the link involving kidney problems andibuprofen may occur immediatelyor after using it for a longer duration. Individuals with kidney impairment may get chronickidney disease when taking this NSAID. Nephropathy, a disorder that can emerge with lengthy usage ofibuprofen or other NSAID medications, may be detected as a relationship involving ibuprofen and kidney disease2. Treatment may reverse acute problems, but…...

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References

1.

Knowing Jesus. 10 Bible verses about Kidneys. bible.knowing-jesus.com. Published 2022. Accessed February 10, 2022.  https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/topics/Kidneys 

2.

Schizophrenia is considered to be one of the most sever psychiatric disorders. The incidence of the condition each year is approximately 15 in every 100,000 people, and the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is 0.7% (Tandon et al., 2008). Family history and genetics have been identified as contributing to the development of schizophrenia in 80% of cases (Tandon et al., 2008). Some environmental factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of schizophrenia include prenatal malnutrition or infection, use of cannabis, birth complications, and winter birth (Tandon et al., 2008). However, the mechanisms by which genetic and genetic-environmental factors interact to cause the onset of schizophrenia are not well understood. It is important that effective treatments be developed to help individuals cope with this serious and debilitating psychiatric disorder. What types of therapies outside of pharmaceuticals have been found to be successful in the treatment of schizophrenia? Is any type…...

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References

Eack, S.M., Hogarty, G.E., Cho, R.Y., Prasad, K.M., Greenwald, D.P., Hogarty, S.S., Keshavan, M.S. (2010). Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enhancement therapy against gray matter loss in early schizophrenia: results from a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 674-82.

Gorczynski, P., Faulkner, G. (2010). Exercise therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12(5), CD004412.

Laan, W., Grobbee, D.E., Selten, J.P., Heijnen, C.J., Kahn, R.S., Burger, H. (2010). Adjuvent aspirin therapy reduces symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(5), 520-7.

Tandon, R., Keshavon, M.S., Nasrallah, H.A. (2008). Schizophrenia, "just the facts" what we know in 2008. Schizophrenia Research, 102(1-3), 1-18.

Marketing
Pricing Strategies

The pricing of a product or service is an important aspect of the marketing mix. The pricing of a product will need to be set at a level that will support the firms' long-term profitability; even were there are short-term market penetration strategies or loss leading prices, the ultimate aim of the firm is for the generation of revenues and creation of profit. The pricing strategy chosen by a firm will depend on a number of factors; these will include the market conditions and strategies of the competing or complimentary products, as well as the level of differentiation and the market position that the firm us seeking to gain (Kotler and Keller, 2011). Two examples may be used to assess the way pricing strategies may be formulated; a media distributor and aspirin.

Media Distributor

A media distributor, such as NetFlix or Love Film, has a limited amount of overheads. The media…...

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References

Drury, C, (2012), Management and Cost Accounting, Cengage Learning EMEA

Hooley G; Nicouland B; Piercy, N, (2011), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, Financial Times/Prentice Hall

Kotler Philip; Keller Kevin, (2011), Marketing Management (13th Edition), Prentice Hall.

Mintzberg Henry, Ahlstrand Bruce, Lampel Joseph B. (2008), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Financial Times / Prentice Hall

Efficacy and Safety of Dabigatran vs. Warfarin for Stroke
After more than five decades as the preferred anticoagulant worldwide, warfarin is being challenged by a new rival that doesn't require careful dosage monitoring. Pradaxa (dabigatran) was unanimously approved by the FDA on October 19, 2010 for treating atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, who are at an increased risk for suffering stroke and systemic embolisms (.S. Food and Drug Administration). Dabigatran acts by binding directly to thrombin. Warfarin (Coumadin) is an anticoagulant that functions by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (Lemos et al., 770-771). Variations in the levels of vitamin K in the diet can influence how effective a given dose of warfarin is for a patient, so appropriate therapeutic dosages are determined on an individual basis periodically through a standardized clotting test (international normalized ratio [INR]). Even though warfarin can reduce the risk of stroke in AF patients by…...

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U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "FDA News Release: FDA approves Pradaxa to prevent stroke in people with atrial fibrillation." U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 19 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Jan. 2011.

Schulman, Sam, Kearon, Clive, Kakkar, Ajay K., Mismetti, Patrick, Schellong, Sebastian, Eriksson, Hentry, Baanstra, David, Schnee, Janet, and Goldhaber, Samuel Z. "Dabigatran vs. warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism." New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 2342-2352. Web.

Wallentin, Lars, Yusuf, Salim, Ezekowitz, Michael D., Alings, Marco, Flather, Marcus, Franzosi, Maria Grazia, Pais, Prem, Dans, Antonio, Eikelboom, John, Oldgren, Jonas, Pogue, Janice, Reilly, Paul A., Yang, Sean, Connolly, and Stuart J., on behalf of the RE-LY investigators. "Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalized ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial." Lancet 376 (2010): 975-983. Web.

Pricing Method
In any market, there is bound to be a strategy that is used to decide on the prices that the commodities or the services that the potential clients will be in need of. Since the goods or the services availed are always targeted at making a profit at the end o the day, pricing is one of the most fundamental focuses that the entrepreneurs have to keenly look at in order to strike a balance between making profit and retaining clients for the item offered.

In the case scenario below, the pricing methods that should b used in determining the prices of canned vegetables and Aspirin are looked at, the various methods that can be used and how different the pricing methods are as well discussed.

Pricing method for canned vegetables

Taking into account that almost each food outlet has canned vegetables, with several alternatives floated by each outlet, it is important…...

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References

Scott Allen, (2012). Pricing Methods: Four Models for calculating your Pricing. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from  http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/salesmarketing/a/pricingstrategy_2.htm 

Commonwealth of Australia, (2009). Policies, Procedures and Methods Used in the Recommendations for Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products 2009. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from  http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pbs-pbpa-pricing-policiesdoc~pricing-methods

Brand Names: Will 'iPad' Become Generic Word for Tablet?" was published by the U.S.A. Today, with the central premise concerning a relatively unknown yet ubiquitous phenomenon known as genericide. According to the article, which was compiled by the Associated Press (AP), Apple Inc. And its proprietary iPad tablet computing device is poised to alter the English lexicon through its supremacy within a particular market segment. Like the Band-Aid and Kleenex before it, the iPad has become so synonymous with a niche product that consumers invariably refer to competitor's offerings by the same name, and Apple Inc.'s executive management structure must now wade through the quagmire of intellectual property rights and trademark protection law to determine the course of action that preserves the company's duly earned domination of the market. The article presents the iPad's emergence as the standard bearer for tablet computing devices as a mixed bag of sorts…...

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References

Associated Press. (2012, April 08). Brand names: Will 'iPad' become generic word for tablet?. USA Today. Retrieved from name/54110024/1http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/story/2012-04-07/apple-iPad-generic-

Coverdale, J.F. (1984). Trademarks and Generic Words: An Effect-on-Competition Test. The University of Chicago Law Review, (51), 868-891. Retrieved from   256&sid=21101868846423http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1599488?uid=3739552&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739 

McKenna, M. (2007). The normative foundations of trademark law. Notre Dame Law Review, 82(5), 1839. Retrieved from  http://www.inta.org/Academics/Documents/finalndlawreview.pdf

Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview
Disease description and possible misconceptions

Alzheimer's disease is one of, although not the only type, of dementia elderly patients may suffer. The most common form of the illness occurs after age 60. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease before the age of 60 is less common, but the symptoms and worsening of the illness tends to be swifter in nature. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease has a known genetic component. "Certain genes...such as APOE epsilon4 allele" are linked to a greater likelihood of developing Alzheimer's (Jasmin 2010). In older patients, the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's can be difficult to determine. "The only way to know for certain that someone has AD is to examine a sample of their brain tissue after death," to determine if the tissue sample exhibits neurofibrillary tangles, "twisted fragments of protein within nerve cells that clog up the cell;" neuritic plaques, "abnormal clusters of dead and dying nerve…...

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References

Gwyther, L.P. (2004). Ask the expert: Common questions about Alzheimer's disease.

National Women's Health Report, 26(6), 7-7. Retrieved:

 http://search.proquest.com/docview/236242441?accountid=10901 

Harman, D. (2000). Alzheimer's disease: A hypothesis on pathogenesis. Age, 23(3), 147-161.

Lewis, have had the opportunity to look over the letter you prepared for Ms. Smith regarding her safety concerns about our product. The letter is very professional and I commend you on your efforts. I only see one or two areas that I believe can be reworded for a more effective delivery and as we go through my evaluation we will address those areas.
A like the fact that you immediately draw the name of the EPA into the discussion. It assures the customer immediately that we are not speaking out of our own opinion, or desire to protect the company, but from studies conducted by a respected federal agency. I further commend you on comparing the ratings to common household goods that the customer can relate to in a tangible fashion. Often times just presenting numbers or percentages provides a too abstract picture for the customer. You showed her with…...

By helping to solve their problems voluntarily, Bayer can avoid circumstances like the aspirin debacle by building a stockpile of goodwill to be used later.
One step Bayer should undertake is to continue to be aggressive in meeting FDA guidelines on the taking of Cipro. The company should include these recommendations, in English, on supplies sent to Mexico, because they know that some of these will end up in the U.S. Given the nature of the anthrax scare, however, Bayer should increase its labeling standards. Consumers are more likely to take the drug inappropriately under these circumstances. Although Bayer would not have had any way to knowing it at the time, they could have faced significant risk if their labeling, in light of the panic, was considered to be inadequate (yeth v Levine, 2008). Therefore, Bayer should support the recommendations of the CDC, as that should meet the standard for…...

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Works Cited:

Wyeth v Levine. 2008. Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved November 15, 2009 from  http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/08pdf/06-1249.pdf 

Dunne, A. (no date). Rent seeking and the social cost of monopoly. Trinity College of Dublin. Retrieved November 15, 2009 from  http://www.maths.tcd.ie/local/JUNK/econrev/ser/html/rent.html 

Sterckx, S. (2006). The moral justifiability of patents. Ethical Perspectives. Retrieved November 15, 2009 from  http://www.ethical-perspectives.be/page.php?LAN=E&FILE=ep_detail&ID=109&TID=973

Equal Protection Clause of 14th Amendment
The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment extended to protections of the Bill of ights to all Americans, including pregnant women. Therefore, it is fundamentally unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to criminalize pregnant women who take illegal drugs for fetal abuse or neglect without applying the same conditions on pregnant women who endanger their unborn child by drinking alcohol, smoking, or otherwise failing to provide the best possible nurturing environment for the fetus. This paper reviews the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature together with the precedential case law concerning these issues to support this view, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

eview and Analysis

A growing body of research concerning fetal development together with innovations in modern healthcare technologies have provided researchers with new insights about what can harm or nurture babies in the…...

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References

Blank, R.H. (2002). Mother and fetus: Changing notions of maternal responsibility. New York:

Greenwood Press.

Flavin, J. (2009). Our bodies, our crimes: The policing of women's reproduction in America.

New York: New York University Press.

Heart Disease
elationship between cardiac arrest and coronary cardiac disease

The heart is an essential organ in the human body, it keeps the individual alive. Understanding how the heart operates and functions is essential to help protect your heart from heart disease. Cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease are significant heart related illness that has a high mortality rate. It is important for individuals with pre-existing heart disease to understand the symptoms of cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease, since these are both leading causes of fatality in the United States. Understanding how the heart works, the individuals risk for heart disease, and how to prevent or delay heart disease is essential. In this paper I will address the relationship between cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease. I will also explain how the heart functions and discuss some ways of preventing cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease.

Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest is a condition…...

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References

Antonini-Canterin et. al. (2009). Association between carotid and coronary artery disease in patients with aortic valve stenosis: an angiographic study. Angiology 60 (5) 596-600

CDC. (2010). Heart disease. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/ 

Dewey et. al. (2004). Coronary artery disease: new insights and their implications for radiology. European Radiology. 14 (6) 1048-1054

Escolar et. al. (2006). New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 174 (4) 487-495

Drug Action
Pharmacokinetics explains the process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. These processes are dependent on the amount of the drug administered, the method of administration (which affects the rate of absorption, biotransformation, and even excretion), and how the drug binds in the tissues. In essence, a drug's ability to transverse the cellular membranes depends on its solubility and molecular size and shape. The passive diffusion of the drug across cellular membranes depends on its lipid solubility as well as concentration gradients outside and inside the cellular membrane and the pH differences across the membrane. Active transport of the drug occurs when the drug is actually moved by components of the membrane. This can allow a drug move against concentration and electrochemical gradients but it requires energy, can be selective, and can be inhibited by similar molecules. The absorption rate is influenced by…...

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1. The process of writing successful grant proposals: A comprehensive guide

2. The role of a grant writing professional in securing funding for nonprofit organizations

3. Strategies for effectively communicating a nonprofit organization's mission and goals in grant proposals

4. The importance of building strong relationships with funders as a grant writing professional

5. Exploring the ethical considerations in grant writing and fundraising practices

6. Overcoming common challenges and obstacles in the grant writing process

7. The impact of technology on modern grant writing practices

8. Analyzing successful grant proposals and identifying key elements for success

9. The future of grant writing: Trends and innovations in the field

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The Transformative Power of Low-Code Programming: Empowering Citizen Developers in the Digital Age

In the era of rapid technological advancements, the ability to develop software has become increasingly critical. However, the traditional path to programming expertise, through complex coding languages and years of study, has proven to be a barrier for many aspiring developers. Low-code programming, an innovative approach, is revolutionizing the software development landscape by democratizing access to programming and empowering non-technical individuals with the ability to create powerful applications. This essay delves into the transformative power of low-code programming and its profound impact on citizen developers, the unsung heroes....

Leadership and Service:

Inspiring and Guiding Others: Military officers are entrusted with leading teams of individuals, motivating them to achieve goals and accomplish missions. The opportunity to lead and impact the lives of others is a compelling reason to pursue a military career.
Serving the Nation: Officers serve as guardians of the nation, protecting it from threats and upholding its values. The sense of patriotism and the desire to make a meaningful contribution to society are driving forces for many aspiring officers.

Challenge and Personal Growth:

Embracing Challenges: Military life offers continuous challenges, both physically and mentally. Officers are tested in....