Applied Behavior Analysis esearch and Application
When approaching the target behavior of teaching an autistic child to obey verbal commands, it is important to understand what previous research has presented about this target behavior, how it has defined autism, which treatment methodologies have been tried and shown effectiveness in the past, and which experimental designs can be utilized today to treat the behavior. This paper will examine each of these points and provide a standard for assessing validity.

Defining autism in the field has mainly been the result of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). As Wohr and Scattoni (2013) note, "autism is a behaviorally defined disorder" (p. 5). And as Ollendick and Cerny (2010) observe, the method used to define this behavior and to assess treatments are numerous: for example, rating scales can be utilized as well as observation methods, IQ tests and the examination of "the social-cultural-physical environment" in which the child…...

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References

Callahan, K., Shukla-Mehta, S. (2010). ABA versus TEACHH: The case for defining and validating comprehensive treatment models in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(1): 74-88.

Denne, L., Thomas, E., Hastings, R., Hughes, C. (2015). Assessing competencies in applied behavior analysis for tutors working with children with autism in a school-based setting. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 20: 67-77.

Foxx, R. (2008). Applied Behavior Analysis Treatment of Autism: The State of the Art.

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(4): 821-834.

Management on Productivity and Efficiency Within the Organization
In all organizations, the managers and the employees play an important role. In the present day, organizations incessantly experience and go through rapid technological changes, decreasing product life cycles, globalization, international global economic setting and also the extensive accessibility to information. As a result, in order for these organizations to continue surviving and being relevant in the market, style of management becomes a significant element in the success of the organization. The role of a manager as a leader within an organization can result in different styles of management chosen. The different styles selected by the managers have an influence on the behavior patterns within the organization, which in turn impacts the morale and motivation of the employee. In the end, the managerial style influences the level of satisfaction of the employee, which directly influences the level of productivity. Managers utilizing the…...

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References

Dorgan, S. J., Dowdy, J. J., & Rippin, T. M. (2006). The link between management and productivity. The McKinsey Quarterly.

Karimi, F., Hosseinzadeh, D., & Azizi, G. (2011). Relationship between Management Style and Productivity of Employees in Islamic Azad University-Islamshahr Unit. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(10), 1685-1690.

Olmedo-Cifuentes, I., & Martinez-Leon, I. M. (2014). Influence of management style on employee views of corporate reputation. Application to audit firms. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 17(4), 223-241.

Drawing on the readings and articles you have analyzed, differentiate between basic and applied research providing advantages and disadvantages of both.Applied research is a research methodology that creates practical solutions for specific problems while basic research is an approach to research that seeks to expand knowledge in a field of study. These two key distinctions create unique strengths and weaknesses as it relates to the application of each method.For one, applied research is much more applicable to real world problems. As such, it can be used to provide an immediate benefit to society in the form of new products, goods, or services. Society can therefore benefit as these products can help improve the overall quality of life for all involved. Applied research also that the ability to become much more profitable that basic research. Through the introduction of new products, the research findings can help increase profitability of a particular…...

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References 1. Babbie, E. R. 2007. The basics of social research (4th ed.). Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth. 576 pages.ISBN: 0495094684.2. Denscombe, Martyn. 2007. The good research guide for small-scale social research projects. 3rd ed. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. 360 pages. ISBN: 0335220223.3. Dooley, David. 2001. Social research methods. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 385p. ISBN: 0139554289

This claim is supported by other researchers cited in the work including Albin, Lucyshyn, Horner, & Flannery (1996).
The applied behavioral and positive behavior approach developed by Symon considers individual and family needs for patients with autism as part of the larger system and factors that might influence a child's behaviors, in order to develop more comprehensive support interventions.

The author supports use of applied behavioral analysis procedures where parents would work with their children via a clinic or at home in a controlled setting that encourages one-on-one interaction. The role of the parent in this situation would be to present children with "a variety of discrete instructional tasks" that would require on-step commands. The child participating would be rewarded for giving correct responses and punished for not giving correct ones, in order to train children to respond to different commands and reinforcing positive behavior.

The approach suggested by the author has…...

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References

Schoen, Alexis a. "What Potential Does the applied Behavior Analysis Approach Have for the Treatment of Children and Youth with Autism?" Journal of Instructional Psychology, 30(2), (2003):125

Symon, Jennifer B. "Parent education for autism: Issues in providing services at a distance." Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 3(3), (2001):160

Applied Behavior Analysis

Descrptive Design
esearch Method and Design Proposal

A research design is the approach utilized for a study used as a guide in gathering and analyzing data. There are two popular methods of research; qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research is an inductive, holistic, subjective, and process-oriented method technique employed to understand, interpret, describe, and establish a theory on a given topic, phenomena, or setting. Investigators employ this technique when their studies attempt to describe life experiences and give them meaning. In most cases, the method has associations with words, language and experiences, rather than measurements, statistics and numerical figures. When the investigators use this method, they adapt a person centered, and holistic view to comprehend the given phenomenal without focusing on particular concepts. In addition, this method is dynamic and developmental, and it does not employ the use of formal structured instruments (Hodkinson, 2009).

Most importantly, qualitative data methods are flexible and…...

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References

Bickman, L. (2008). Chapter 1 Applied research design: A practical approach. Retrieved from  http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/23770_Ch1.pdf 

Grimes, A.D., & Schulz, F.K. (2002). Descriptive studies: What they can do and cannot do.

Lancet, 359, 145-149.

Hofferth, S.L. (2005). Secondary data analysis in family research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 891 -- 907.

theory-building, applied research is conducted to solve a problem. Action research is conducted to solve an immediate problem experienced by a practitioner; the problems that are addressed through action research exist in the context or environment in which they conduct their professional work. A construct is an abstraction -- an idea that exists in the mind; if an abstraction is based on something concrete or tangible, it is a concept, but if it is based on something hypothetical or inferential, then the abstraction is a construct. The most important difference between qualitative research and quantitative research is that quantitative research is deductive in relation to the hypothesis, which is determined before the research has actually begun. Quantitative research uses a deductive approach that moves from the general case to the specific. In this manner, the deductive approach considers the potential cause of some phenomenon and explores whether its effect…...

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References

Lodico, M., Spaulding, D., & Voegtle, K. (2010). Methods in educational research: From theory to practice (2nd ed.) San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.

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("Applied Research") This involves primary sources, as Mary is going to be using actual cases to understand what is happening. ("What is the Difference between Primary and Secondary Sources")
Which two techniques of data collection do you feel would be more beneficial for Mary to use?

The primary data collection is more useful to Mary. The reason why, is because they are focusing on real cases and statistics surrounding juvenile crime. This will make her findings and analysis more realistic by looking at the actual numbers. ("What is the Difference between Primary and Secondary Sources")

Would this project be more suited to quantitative or qualitative research methods? Support your opinions with reasons.

Qualitative research would be more suitable for this kind of project. This is because we are looking at the environment that these individuals are living in. At which point, we are seeking to address the underlying problems by: comparing how dealing…...

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Bibliography

"Applied Research." Business Dictionary, 2011. Web. 30 Jul. 2011

"Conditions Associated with an Increase in Violence." OJJDP, 2000. Web. 30 Jul. 2011

"Definition of Qualitative Research." MRC, n.d. Web. 30 Jul. 2011

"Regularity Theory of Causation." Philosophy Professor, 2011. Web. 30 Jul. 2011

Business Tools & Methods
Q1.What is business research? Why should there be any question about the definition of research?

The purpose of business research is to further the goals of a business, whether it is exploratory marketing research to determine the future needs of customers or more focused research such as determining which products were the most popular during the past season so the company can determine how to allocate specific assets. Depending on its purpose, research can fulfill very different functions -- unlike academic research, which does not necessarily have a particular purpose or objective other than to prove a hypothesis, business research is undertaken with the aim of improving profitability, not simply as an intellectual exercise or for the good of humanity.

Q2. What is the difference between applied research and basic or pure research? Use a decision about how a salesperson is to be paid, by commission or salary, and…...

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References

Basic vs. applied research. (2014). Research Methods by Dummies.

http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Types/appliedvsbasic.html

Behavioral Analysis
The main topic being studied in McIlvane's research paper, "Translational behavioral analysis: from laboratory science in stimulus control to interventions with persons with neurodevelopmental disabilities" is translational behavioral analysis. It is largely defined as a hybrid of the two conventional methods of behavioral analysis: basic and applied behavioral analysis. Its distinction between these two forms largely involves its hybridization of them, and its identification as "a subfield of behavior analysis" (McIlvane, 2009, p. 273).

There are no research questions in this paper for the simple fact that it does not contain original research and is merely the author's reflection and analysis of this particular subject. The rationale for the paper is that translational behavioral analysis is a relative newcomer to the modes of science that were previously stratified as either basic or applied behavioral analysis. As such, it is worthy of study because it can bridge the gap between these…...

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References

Baer, D.M., Wolff, M.M., Risley, T.R. (1968). "Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1, 91-97.

McIlvane, W.J. (2009). Translational behavioral analysis: from laboratory science in stimulus control to interventions with persons with neurodevelopmental disabilities. The Behavior Analyst. 32, 273-280.

Q7. The survey should be demographically balanced: in other words, it should be representative of the consumers whose behavior the survey was designed to assess in terms of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The questions should be clear and simple, and free from misleading wording that could influence the results. The survey questions should be internally consistent -- in other words, responses that indicate wildly different views in the responses of the same individual raise questions about internal validity. There should be controls to prevent respondents from presenting themselves in an overly positive light. The survey should not draw overly broad conclusions, based upon what respondents were asked.

5a. The city should take public responsibility for its actions, stating that although it was trying to act in the best interests of the city, it crossed the line when it hired a private investigator to infiltrate the boating organization. Avoiding litigation would…...

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References

Basic vs. applied research. (2009). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Retrieved January 12, 2009 at  http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html 

ROI. (2009). Investopedia. Retrieved January 12, 2009 at  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnoninvestment.asp 

Trochim, William. (2006). Variables. Social Research Methods.

Freuds work and researches which clearly indicate that they were developed through researches involving case studies. In a case study every aspect of the subject is researched and analyzed so that obvious and notable patterns and behaviors can be identified so that particular causes for behaviors and psychology in some cases can be identified. The main purpose is to learn what can be learned from one subject and some basic points in this way can be generalized and applied to others as well (Yin. 1984). However case studies happen to be very subjective since they are mostly based on one area of focus, so it makes there points or even them very hard to generalize and apply their results to a larger proportion of subjects.
Types of Case Studies

Explanatory: These types of case studies are used for investigations which are casual in nature.

Exploratory: these types of case studies are normally…...

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References

Powell, R.R. (1985). Basic research methods for librarians. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Simons, H. (1980). Towards a science of the singular: Essays about case study in educational research and evaluation. Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia, Centre for Applied Research in Education.

Stake, R.E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Swisher, R., & McClure, C.R. (1984). Research for decision making, methods for librarians. Chicago: American Library Association.

For some the issue then arises when the pluripotent cells are removed from the blastocyst, as this very act negates the ability for the cell group to develop into a human being. "Note that the process of changing from totipotent to pluripotent to multipotent cells is not reversible -- that is, pluripotent stem cells do not produce totipotent stem cells, and multipotent stem cells do not produce pluripotent stem cells."

Borror, O'Rourke and Skirboll 54) Additionally, the proponents of stem cell work cite the pluripotent as incapable of producing a human being therefore not a destruction of life, hence leading to the Bush decision to ban the creation of new lines of stem cells, as it would require the destruction of further human totipotent cells.

Multipotent. The pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent stem cells, which are committed to giving rise to cells that have a particular function. Examples of…...

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Works Cited

 

Edr
What is Environmental Design Research?

Design and art can accept scientific principles

Environmental Design Research (EDR) = the study of the mutual relationships between human beings and the physical environment at all scales, and applications of the knowledge thus gained to improving the quality of life through better informed environmental policy, planning, design, and education. (passive and active definition)

EDR is related to many other areas of the social sciences

EDR is NOT:

building science or structural engineering

Design practice

Eg. An architect does research to apply to a single building project, but EDR applies research to things like job satisfaction and other measurable results that advance the whole field.

EDR Is:

Basic Research (generation, discovery of knowledge)

Applied Research (answering specific questions related to specific social policy or context)

Research Applications (apply research to policy, plans, designs)

**Must communicate results to policy/professional applications

EDR = Environmental Psychology = Environmental Behavior Studies

2. History and Impact of the Field

Systematic research began in 1950s:

Firey…...

Federal Government Funding
Federal funding has been at the heart of many breakthroughs in medical research in the 20th century (Angela & Chris, 2000). The NIH takes credit for leading the research campaign for many years. The achievements by NIH are many. They include (Angela & Chris, 2000):

educed time frames for the discovery and development of new cures

Lowered the incidence of disease rates among the sick

educed mortality

educed disability levels

Better quality of life through pain reduction and suffering.

Sustaining University research, education and future leading scientists through support

The federal government, through NIH, funds 36% of all the biomedical research in the U.S. The Non-Profit Organizations contribute 7% while the private sector funds 57% (Angela & Chris, 2000).

Although the federal government funds both basic and applied research, it has focused most of the resources on basic research. Basic research is essential in the discovery of new principles in science. esearchers are often unable…...

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References

Angela Ritzert & Chris Edwards. (2000). the Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH

Wendy H. Schacht. (2011). Federal R&D, Drug Discovery, and Pricing: Insights from the NIH-University-Industry Relationship

passion for the project, natural curiosity, well-founded skepticism, and a good memory. Possessing all of these can actually aid in the ability to have more effective research. The passion will encourage the researcher to explore more thoroughly than one who is not passionate or interested. He will make use of the resources available to him -- such as the university library or the online databases where relevant literature is stored. His curiosity will prompt him to ask questions that others might not think to ask. Skepticism allows the researcher to distrust results and work to make sure they are conclusive, and memory helps to connect the dots of data and findings so that a clear picture can emerge (Holton, Swanson, 2005).
Another good practice is to have a good research design. A good design will serve as a quality frame that helps to keep the study together, whereas a poor…...

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References

Holton, E. F. & Swanson, R. A. (2005). Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler

Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. [Books24x7 version]

Available from http://common.books24x7.com.lib.kaplan.edu/toc.aspx?bookid=12878

Vandenbosch, B. (2003). Designing Solutions for Your Business Problems: A Structured