Erjavec and Horne (2008) investigated the determinants of imitation in children. The general view, according to the authors, is that imitation is a function that is established early in human development and that makes possible the acquirement of important behavioral repertoires like verbal behavior that are exclusively human. There appears to be disagreement to if the propensity towards imitation in humans is innate or learned; however, the process of learning imitation is also of interest to researchers and several different models abound. The researchers used an accepted procedure of training infants in a baseline modeling phase of the same four behaviors with continuous reinforcement and then a 50% V2 intermittent reinforcement schedule and then interspersing the baseline matching behaviors with unreinforced target behaviors. The dependent measure was the accuracy of the imitation of the target behaviors, whereas several independent variables were used including the age of the children (there were…...

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References

Erjavec, M., & Horne, P.J. (2008). Determinants of imitation of hand-to-body gestures in 2- and 3-year-old children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 89, 183 -- 207.

Rigal, R. (1994). Right-left orientation: Development of correct use of right and left terms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 1259 -- 1278.

This claim is supported by other researchers cited in the work including Albin, Lucyshyn, Horner, & Flannery (1996).
The applied behavioral and positive behavior approach developed by Symon considers individual and family needs for patients with autism as part of the larger system and factors that might influence a child's behaviors, in order to develop more comprehensive support interventions.

The author supports use of applied behavioral analysis procedures where parents would work with their children via a clinic or at home in a controlled setting that encourages one-on-one interaction. The role of the parent in this situation would be to present children with "a variety of discrete instructional tasks" that would require on-step commands. The child participating would be rewarded for giving correct responses and punished for not giving correct ones, in order to train children to respond to different commands and reinforcing positive behavior.

The approach suggested by the author has…...

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References

Schoen, Alexis a. "What Potential Does the applied Behavior Analysis Approach Have for the Treatment of Children and Youth with Autism?" Journal of Instructional Psychology, 30(2), (2003):125

Symon, Jennifer B. "Parent education for autism: Issues in providing services at a distance." Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 3(3), (2001):160

Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcement Magnitude and Response Rate
Original research is detailed within this document about the correlation between reinforcement magnitude and response rate. Literature indicates there is a positive correlation between these two phenomena, which served as the hypothesis for this experiment. Participants were randomly assigned colored tokens that correlated to amounts of candy for correctly stringing together beads. The results indicate that the more candy they were given (which functioned in this study as research magnitude), the longer more prolonged their response rate was -- because they opted to continue with the clinical trials. These results served to underscore the fact that there is a causal relationship between reinforcement magnitude and response rate consistent with literature on this topic.

NTRODUCTON

This paper will explore the phenomenon of reinforcer magnitude on response rate. t is attempting to determine if there is a correlation between the magnitude of reinforcement and the rate of response of participants.…...

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In this new study conducted by Aaron J. Brownstein and Stanley S. (1968) three adult pigeons were the subjects; two schedules of reinforcement were simultaneously available during training time. Concurrent schedules were programmed by changeover-key procedure. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of relative reinforcement rate and changeover delay in response-independent concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Results showed that there is no change in a behavior.

These studies demonstrated the importance of the reinforcement effect in any research. Every study suggested that the dimension or magnitude of a reinforcer has a big impact on any dependent variable. It is very clear that reinforcement is a very effective approach to behavior modification and learning. For instance, Jenkins and Clayton (1948) demonstrated that reinforcement magnitude has a very significant effect upon the rate of response of pigeons. It could also be determined that superior performance of learning or preference assessment is obtained when the reinforcer is present for a longer period of time.

The effect of reinforcement quantity on response rates was measured. Multiple trials were done in order to obtain solid results. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the magnitude of a reinforcer will influence the time a participant will spend stringing beads. Based on previous research a strong correlation and a significant difference should be found on the results, since reinforcement magnitude is projected to have an effect on response rate.

Activities to Reduce Inappopiate Behavios Displayed by Childen With Autism and Othe Developmental Disabilities
The pupose of this dissetation study is to test the effectiveness of an eveyday activities-based potocol (Holm, Santangelo, Fomuth, Bown & Walte, 2000) fo managing challenging and disuptive behavios of 13- to 23-yea-old esidential students (male and female) with Autism who live at Melmak Homes, Inc., of southeasten Pennsylvania, and attend school o adult day pogams. Applied behavio analysis and a focus on eveyday occupations (activities) will be combined duing the intevention phase. Reinfocement will be fo subtask completion and duation of paticipation, NOT fo absence of taget maladaptive o disuptive behavios. Behavio analysts, howeve, will document the fequency/duation of the taget behavios duing each condition. Inteventions will occu daily, Monday though Fiday. A single-subject, multiple-baseline, acoss-subjects design with nine subjects will be used to evaluate change in behavios unde altenating conditions. Data will be analyzed…...

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references, and favorites)

Child and Family Assets

(Abilities, strengths, skills, accomplishments, and capabilities)

Functional and Meaningful Interactions

(Purposeful interactions; ways interests and assets are used in everyday life)

Inappropriate use of the terms "noncontingent reinforcement" and "differential reinforcement of other behaviors"
Shakespeare would not have anticipated this issue -- labels for procedures when he wrote "What is in a name, a rose with any other would smell as sweet." The controversy is not about the effect of the procedure but rather relates to if the applied behavior analysis on the use of the terms 'noncontingent reinforcement' -- NC and 'differential reinforcement of other behaviors' -- DO are appropriate and the definitions of the process. The irony is that there is no dispute in the effectiveness of the processes but if the use of the terms is confusing and if the definition of reinforcement is contingent on behavior. The question then is if the issue will be dead and if it can be shown that an alternate name may clear the confusion especially with regard to the term 'contingent behavior'…...

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References

Carr, James E; Severtson, Jamie M. (2005) "On the Appropriateness of the Term

"Noncontingent Reinforcement" European Journal Of Behavior Analysis, vol. 21, no. 6, pp: 21 -- 24.

Kodak, Tiffany; Miltenberger, Raymond G; Romaniuk, Cathryn. (2003) "A comparison of differential reinforcement And Noncontingent Reinforcement For The Treatment Of A Child's multiply Controlled Problem behavior Behavioral Interventions" Behav. Intervent, vol. 18, no, 1: 267 -- 278.

Poling, Alan; Normand, Matthew. (1999) "Noncontingent Reinforcement:An Inappropriate

Human Behavior Social Environment
Child

This paper begins with an observation of a 4-year-old boy at the train station setting. The surrounding company is the family that consists of father, mother, a son, and three-daughters. The goal of the observation is to establish the boy's entire behavior together with his reaction to punishment and reinforcement. The method used was the Systematic Observation consisting of event sampling and specimen record that lasted for 53 minutes.

The report gathered information through "Systematic Observation." I formulated the design through the simple form of recording data through event sampling and specimen record. In most cases, researchers can record descriptions of the entire scope of behavior using this method (Hutchison, 2008). Further, the particular behavior instances of the specified period were recorded.

The Piaget Cognitive Development Theory was used in analyzing the behavior of the child. The child is at proportional stages of between two to seven years of…...

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References

Freeman, K.A. (Spring 2000). Positive behavior support: Expanding the application of applied behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst 23 (1): 85 -- 94.

Germaine, C.B and Bloom, M. (1999). Human Behavior in the Social environment: an ecological view. New York: Columbia University Press.

Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Greene, R.R. (2008). Human behavior theory and social work practice. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Publishers

Hence, variables that occur outside of the classroom have an impact on the teacher's ability to institute positive behavior support (PBS). That makes it all the more vital that strategies are in place in the classroom designed to deal with all setting events, distant and recent, when possible.
Body of Paper -- Distant Setting Events & Antecedents

How do antecedents effect the behavior of students? Antecedents have a tendency to either pull individuals or push individuals into doing something, or feeling a certain way. Author Edward P. Sarafino points out that a stimulus serves as an antecedent; for example, children seeing other children rope jumping before class starts is a stimulus for an antecedent because it sets the table for behavior. The rope jumping is orderly, fun, and children have smiles when they to their rope jumping (Sarafino, 2010, 71).

Children learn through stimulus generalization, by responding to stimuli, and by physically…...

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Works Cited

Baron, Grace M. (2006). Stress and Coping in Autism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Demchak, MaryAnn, and Greenfield, Robin G. (2003). Transition Portfolios for Students with Disabilities: How to Help Students, Teachers, and Families Handle New Settings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Durand, Vincent Mark. (1990). Severe Behavior Problems: A Functional Communication

Training Approach. New York: Guilford Press.

South Australia Ambulance Service
Organizational Behaviour Case Analysis

Who

ay Main should develop a system which empowers the culture of organization along with the shift towards automation and excellent customer service.

Has to do what

The leadership of South Australia Ambulance Service is required to do the following:

To set a strategic direction for SAAS this would be compatible to the new strategic plan.

Meet the service expectations of the clients by focusing more on efficient customer services.

Empower the service delivery personnel fully and hold them accountable for every action.

The expectations of donators and community should be aligned.

Make SAAS compatible to respond to mass casualties.

Workforce retention should be increased.

Emergency sector and healthcare should be integrated to respond efficiently to any casualty.

Interventions should be prioritized.

The impact of any change should be evaluated on the patient as patients' life is more important. (Daniels 2009)

The South Australia Ambulance Service (SAAS) should focus on developing a system which supports the leadership…...

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References

Steven McShane, Sandra Steen, (2008). Canadian Organizational Behaviour, Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Higher Education; Canadian edition

Abernathy, W.B. (2006). Designing and managing an organization-wide incentive pay system. Memphis, TN: Abernathy & Associates.

Abernathy, W.B. (2006). The sin of wages: Where the conventional pay system has led us and how to find a way out. Memphis, TN: PerfSys Press.

Alvero, A.M., Bucklin, B.R., and Austin, J. An objective review of the effectiveness and essential characteristics of performance feedback in organizational settings. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management vol. 21 (2001). pp. 3 -- 29

Given the capriciousness of the human condition with respect to continuing redefinitions of personal and professional success, human resource managers are faced with some difficult choices in formulating recommendations for best practices. Therefore, the learning journal would undergo a series of draft versions that would be used to solicit feedback from experts in the field who could point out flaws and areas that required additional research or support to be valid and trustworthy. The solicitation of feedback process would follow the guidance provided by Neuman (2003) who recommends having a manuscript reviewed by knowledgeable individuals who possess the requisite credentials to provide informed feedback. This feedback would be carefully reviewed and the collaborative process would result in changes and additions where they were deemed necessary and appropriate.
4)

Outcomes and New Learning

Some of the overriding themes that emerged from the learning episodes outlined above was that the more researchers learn about…...

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References

American Psychological Association. (2002). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Cheverton, J. 2007. 'Holding our own: Value and performance in nonprofit organizations.'

Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 427-428.

I believe I have learned many things in class that will help make me more effective and successful in my personal life. Perhaps the most evident thing I have learned is how to determine my own conscious motivators and recognize how my unconscious beliefs and morals may impact my attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. This falls more into the realm of social psychology. I have learned exactly how critical environment can be to ones success or distress.

With regard to my profession, I believe that I can use psychology in many ways. Psychology is an important tool for employees and managers alike. When used correctly it can help foster a collaborative and open work environment that encourages individual thinking, behavior, and goal setting. It can also be used to mitigate and problem solve. Psychology can also be used to address more difficult aspects of the workplace environment.

A learned for example how impacting…...

Motivation in Behavior
a) What does Tolman's theory of animal learning tell us about the motivation for human learning?

Unlike John Watson, B.F. Skinner and the other strict behaviorists, or the ussian physiologists like Ivan Pavlov, Edward C. Tolman argued that the behaviorist theory that learning was a matter of stimulus-response (S-) and positive and negative reinforcement was highly simplistic. Although he rejected introspective methods and metaphysics, he increasingly moved away from strict behaviorism into the areas of cognitive psychology. In short, he became a mentalist without actually using that term to describe himself and concluded that all behavior was "purposive" (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 428). All of his experiments with rats moving through mazes at the University of Berkeley proved to his satisfaction that behavior was actually the dependent variable, with the environment as the independent variable, with mental processes as intervening variables. Tolman summarized this basic theory, which he applied to…...

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REFERENCES

Leaf, J.B. et al. (2010). "Comparison of Simultaneous Prompting and No-No Prompting in Two-Choice Discrimination Learning with Children with Autism." Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 215-28.

Lerner, R.M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development, (3rd ed.) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Lund, S.K. (2009). "Discrete Trial Instruction in Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention" in E.A. Boutot and M. Tincani (eds). Autism Encyclopedia: The Complete Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Prufrock Press, Inc.

Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Ross Dress for Less: Applied Management
Applied Management Analysis of Ross Dress for Dress

Understanding how an organization works means understanding what truly motivates people. There are certain fundamental consistencies that form the foundation for the behavior of all individuals that can be identified and then modified to reflect individual differences (Robbins, 2001). In this regard, the management at Ross has set a clear course for the company, one that is focused on providing its customers with a sense of value in their overall shopping experience.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is "a corporate philosophy because it is a fundamental approach to doing business. That approach is to be customer-focused and customer-driven, running all aspects of your business to satisfy your customers by addressing their requirements for products and by providing high-quality, responsive service" (Seybold, 2002, p. 3). The objectives of CRM are fairly straightforward (Seybold, 2002, p. 4), to acquire new customers, to…...

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Works Cited

Bailey, S. And Shultz, D.E. (2000). Customer/Brand Loyalty in an Interactive Marketplace. Journal of Advertising Research, 40 (3), 41.

Bielski, L. (2001). How Do You Know Your Relationship Is Working? There's More to CRM Than Semantics and Slick Marketing Slogans. ABA Banking Journal, 93 (10), 28+.

DiCarlo, L. (2003). Ross Stores Booms from Bargain Hunting. Retrieved April 15, 2004, from Forbes.com Web site:  http://www.forbes.com/2003/12/11/cx_ld_1211overachievers.html 

Gillenson, M.L. (2000). How Electronic Commerce Has Led to the Return of Personalized Marketing. Business Perspectives, 12 (3), 21.

front line of defense and the first line of offense of American might, the United States military plays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the nation's interests at home and abroad. In sharp contrast to the highly motivated and professional armed forces that are in place today, though, the U.S. military struggled to overcome the legacy of its conscription-based approach to maintaining adequate manpower during the Vietnam War where relatively short enlistment periods and high attrition rates resulted in diminished combat readiness and dangerously low levels of troop morale. This paper examines how the U.S. armed forces overcame this legacy to emerge as the preeminent military power in the world today. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion.
Organizational Behavior in Today's Military

Introduction

Over the past half century, the United States armed forces have experienced a number of changes to their organizational structures…...

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References

Gates, R.M. (2008, September 29). National Defense University. U.S. Department of Defense

Speeches, 37.

Greenberg, J. (2003). Organizational behavior: The state of the science. Hillsdale, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Yet, from their operations it can be observed that the need for contingency is generally reduced as the company has the ability to succeed at mostly any endeavor. Nonetheless, in this time of a competition fiercer than ever and growing consumer demands, some of Microsoft's products have failed to generate the expected outcome. The most commonly used example in this sense was the operating system Windows '98, which replaced the more efficient and user friendly Windows '95. Contingency planning in this scenario was limited, but the user comments were collected and attention was paid in the development of the next operating system, the Windows 2000, known under the name of Windows XP.
Another angle from which Microsoft's contingencies can be assessed is that of the hardware products manufactured by the organization. Unlike the software, the material products have enjoyed limited success and the company considered ways to address lack of…...

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References:

Cummings, C., 2005, Windows Server System Reference Architecture and the Roadmap for Enterprise Delivery, Microsoft Developer Network, last accessed on July 15, 2009http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms954607.aspx

Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T., 2005, Managing and organizations: an introduction to theory and practice, SAGE, ISBN 9780761943891

Greenberg, J., 2003, Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science, 2nd Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 9780805840315

2001, The History of Microsoft, PIE Software, last accessed on July 15, 2009http://www.piesoftwareinc.co.uk/textonly/microsoft.html

There have been several studies that have confirmed the effects of caffeine and the personality dimension of impulsivity (Smith 2002). Performance, according to Smith (2002), is "an interactive function of task difficulty, caffeine and impulsivity" (2002).

Performance on an easy letter cancellation task was improved as caffeine dose increased, but on a difficult task impulsive subjects (less aroused) improved while non-impulsive subjects (more aroused) improved then deteriorated. Other results do not fit this pattern and could reflect other individual differences such as expectancies or caffeine usage (Smith 2002).

Another study conducted by Sawyer, Julia and Turin (1982) showed that caffeine does indeed play a role in behavior, which includes changes in "arousal, anxiety, and performance" (1982). Once again, Sawyer et al. (1982) found that personality plays a big role in caffeine's effects on humans as does sensitivity, adaption to caffeine, and the way that caffeine may interact with both nicotine and alcohol…...

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References:

Dews, P.B. (1984). Behavioral effects of caffeine. Caffeine. Springer: New York.

Foxx, R.M. & Rubinoff, a. (1979). Behavioral treatment of caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis,12(3): 335-

Greden, J.F. (1974). Anxiety or caffeinism: A diagnostic dilemma. American Journal of Psychiatry,131: 1089-1092.

Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E. & Liebson, I.A. (1986). Human coffee drinking:

I. Introduction
A. Definition of Behavioral Analysis
B. Importance of Behavioral Analysis in various fields
C. Overview of a career in Behavioral Analysis

II. Educational Requirements
A. Bachelor's Degree in Psychology or related field
B. Master's Degree in Applied Behavior Analysis
C. Licensing and certification requirements

III. Skills Required
A. Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
B. Excellent communication skills
C. Ability to work under pressure and in high-stress situations

IV. Job Duties
A. Conducting assessments to identify behavioral issues
B. Developing and implementing intervention plans
C. Monitoring and evaluating progress
D. Collaborating with other....

1. Operant conditioning is a psychological concept that involves the modification of behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments. This theory, developed by B.F. Skinner in the mid-20th century, suggests that behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are punished are less likely to occur in the future. By understanding the principles of operant conditioning, individuals can learn how to effectively modify their own behaviors and those of others in various contexts, including daily life.

2. One way operant conditioning can be utilized to modify behaviors in daily life is through the use....