The patients are kept under observation for 24 hours unless the severity of symptoms is higher (Medline Plus 2012).
Outpatient treatment of anorexia
Outpatient treatment of anorexia aims to correct signs and symptoms shown by the patient of anorexia. There are some medical conditions, based on which the anorexic patients are referred to outpatient treatment. Firstly, the patient requires psychotropic treatment, there is failures in physiological functioning and most importantly, the patient poses lesser risk to the other people. The severity of the symptoms is much lesser in outdoor patients as compared to patients recommended in outdoor treatment. Adequate control over eating as well as purging is exhibited by the anorexic patient. One of the most important symptoms is that the body weight of the patient is close to 85% of the normal body weight. An important part of outpatient treatment includes psychotherapy counseling, positive talking to make sure that positive…...
mlaWorks Cited
"Anorexia nervosa." Medline Plus. 13 Feb. 2012. Web 16 Nov. 2012. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000362.htm
Fitzpatrick, K.K., and Lock, J. "Anorexia nervosa." BMJ Best Practice Evidence. 11 Apr. 2011. Web 16 Nov 2012. http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/evidence/intervention/1011/0/sr-1011-i6.html
Jensen, V.S. And Mejlhede, a. "Anorexia nervosa: treatment with olanzapine." The British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (2000): 87.
Otto, B., Cuntz, U., Fruehauf, U., Wawarta, R., Folwaczny, C., Riepl, RL., Heiman, RL., Lehnert, P., Fichter, P., and Tschop, M. "Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nervosa." European Journal of Endocrinology 145 (2001): 667-669.
Anorexia Nervosa is defined in the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine as "an eating disorder characterized by unrealistic fear of weight gain, self-starvation, and conspicuous distortion of body image. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-IV (1994), defines two subtypes of anorexia nervosa -- a restricting type, characterized by strict dieting and exercise without binge eating -- and a binge-eating/purging type, marked by episodes of compulsive eating with or without self-induced vomiting and the use of laxatives or enemas. DSM-IV defines a binge as a time-limited (usually under two hours) episode of compulsive eating in which the individual consumes a significantly larger amount of food than most people would eat in similar circumstances."
The incidence of eating disorders, especially anorexia, is increasing at a worrisome rate. During the past three decades the prevalence has increased dramatically. (Tenore) reports an overall incidence of approximately five…...
mlaWorks Cited
Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc. "Causes of Anorezia Nervosa." Retrieved from www.anred.com/causes.html
Fouts Gregory. "Television situation comedies, female body images and verbal reinforcements." Sex Roles: A journal of Research. March 1999.
Hertger-Casbon, Christy. "Back from the brink." American Fitness March 2000.
Hittner, Patricia. "Dying to be thin." Better Homes and Garden. August 1997.
Parkinson's disease is a malady that all people should be afraid of because of the fact that it generally chooses its carriers randomly. Also, once having contracted the disease, people should not lose their hope, with numerous people having lived with it for decades. One of the most terrible things about the disease is that it cannot be cured and that the people that have it are forced to live with its curse all their lives.
Society needs to support and understand people that have PD. One of the most common mistakes that people make when meeting someone that had PD is to abstain from treating him or her as if they are equals to perfectly healthy people.
orks cited:
1. Franklin H. Silverman, Barbara Henry "Depression: A Primary Symptom of Parkinson Disease?," ; the Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol. 55, 1989.
2. John Henkel, "Parkinson's Disease: New Treatments Slow Onslaught of Symptoms," FDA Consumer,…...
mlaWorks cited:
1. Franklin H. Silverman, Barbara Henry "Depression: A Primary Symptom of Parkinson Disease?," ; the Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol. 55, 1989.
2. John Henkel, "Parkinson's Disease: New Treatments Slow Onslaught of Symptoms," FDA Consumer, Vol. 32, July-August 1998.
3. Pamela Quinn, "Struggling to Move: Parkinson's Disease Took Her Dance Away, but Dance Gave Back," Dance Magazine, Vol. 81, December 2007
4. Renee Twombly, "Pesticides and Parkinson Disease," Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112, 2004.
nurture. This issue has been employed in questioning the role of genetics as well as environment in the analysis of behavior. Several researchers especially geneticists have attempted to interpret the behavior of a person on the basis of natural phenomena. The work of Strober et al. (1985,p.239) indicated that since the 19th century to date, researchers who are studying anorexia nervosa have explore several multiple causes of the illness. Through this work, Strober et al. (1985) that their scientific experiment would be crucial in suggesting that the main cause of anorexia nervosa is genetic disposition. Their study involved the directly interviewing of first degree as well as second degree relatives of several probands on various diagnoses of eating disorders as well as other forms of questions that relates to specific behaviors (p.239). The researchers chose to ask all of the relatives on issues pertaining eating habits, excessive rituals, ideal…...
mlaVander Ven, Thomas. (2003) Working Mothers and Juvenile Delinquency. New York:
LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC.
Wade, T., Bulik, C., Neale, M., Kendler, K. (2000) Anorexia nervosa and major depression: Shared genetic and environmental risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 157 (3), 469-471
People in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin (such as models and dancers) were much more likely to develop anorexia during the course of their career, and further research has suggested that those with anorexia have much higher contact with cultural sources that promote weight-loss. There is a high rate of reported child sexual abuse experiences in clinical groups of who have been diagnosed with anorexia. Although prior sexual abuse is not thought to be a specific risk factor for anorexia, those who have experienced such abuse are more likely to have more serious and chronic symptoms (Carter, et.al. 2006).
elationship to Autism -- Psychologists suggested in the 1960s that there might be a relationship between autism and eating disorders, and following several studies in the 1990s, there seemed to be a correlation. Those on the autistic spectrum tended to have a negative outcome with…...
mlaREFERENCES
"Anorexia: Media and Body Image." (2009). WaldenBehavioral.com. Cited in:
http://www.waldenbehavioralcare.com/anorexia_media_body_image.asp
Brumberg, J. (2000). Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa. Vintage.
Carter, J.C., et.al. (2006). "The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Anorexia Nervosa."
Anorexia Nervosa is a serious eating disorder that affects millions of people all over the globe. The purpose of this discussion is to examine this disorder. e will begin by defining and characterizing anorexia nervosa. e will then discuss the factors that contribute to the development of the disorder. Finally, our discourse will investigate the treatments associated with anorexia nervosa.
Definition of Anorexia Nervosa
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine defines Anorexia nervosa as, "an eating disorder characterized by unrealistic fear of weight gain, self-starvation, and conspicuous distortion of body image." (Tran) The disorder is a combination of two Latin words that literally mean "a nervous inability to eat."
The Encyclopedia explains that there are to different types of anorexia. The first type is described as restrictive, in which the person suffering with the disorder has a strict diet and exercises compulsively. The second type is described as a binge type in which…...
mlaWorks Cited www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=77033243
Barlow, David Harrison. "Disorders of Emotion." Psychological Inquiry 2.1 (1991): 58-71.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=81023034
Candy, Colette M., and Virginia E. Fee. "Underlying Dimensions and Psychometric Properties of the Eating Behaviors and Body Image Test for Preadolescent Girls." Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27.1 (1998): 117-127.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=96477424
Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that results from an individual's intense preoccupation with body weight. Individuals with anorexia have difficulty maintaining a normal body mass index score, and frequently make continued efforts to lose weight even if their weight is abnormally low. The psychological factors that precipitate anorexia can be quite complex, and as a result the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder often require thorough psychological assessment, differential diagnosis, and long-term therapy. This paper will explore current research on anorexia and investigate how medical and mental health professionals are using this research to inform their work with anorexic patients (Smith et. al, 2011).
Diagnosis?
According to the American Psychiatrics DSM-IV-T (American Pyschiatric Association [APA], 1994) a diagnosis of anorexia requires the following criteria:
"efusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height, for example, weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less…...
mlaReferences
American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J. Psychiatry. 2006;163(7 Suppl):4-54.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed.) United States of America: American Psychiatric Association.
Franco, K. 2011."Eating Disorders." Center for Continuing Education, Cleveland Clinic. Foundation, Cleveland Ohio. Retrieved from 2, March. 2011http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/ .
Halse, C.,Honey, A.,Boughtwood, D. 2008. "Inside anorexia: the experiences of girls and their families." Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Philidephia, Pennsylvania.
In fact, males account for 5-10% of reported cases of anorexia nervosa (Hayes). Research suggest that males who develop anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders differ from females in three major areas of dieting behaviors: 1) while females diet because they feel fat, males diet because they have been overweight at some point in their lives; 2) males more often than females diet to attain certain goals in sports or to avoid some type of sports-related injury that would be related to a weight gain; 3) there is a greater preponderance of men who diet to avoid potential medical problems (Hayes). Generally, males believe that dieting and exercise will allow them to fell more masculine and more in control, which will lead to greater respect from others (Hayes).
Anorexia nervosa can cause serious damage to the heart, brain, and other vital organs. Patients may experience a severe drop in pulse…...
mlaWorks Cited
Anorexia Nervosa." National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved January 23, 2007 from: http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=7409
Gold, Mark. "Anorexia and bulimia." American Family Physician. April 01, 1990.
Retrieved January 23, 2007 from HighBeam Research Library.
Hayes, Gerald L. "Male Anorexia Nervosa: A New Focus." Journal of Mental Health
Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person refuses to maintain a healthy weight for his or her age and height. It is a self-imposed starvation resulting from a distorted body image. According to The Journal of American Medical Association, individuals with the disease typically lose 25% or more of his or her original body weight. There is also evidence that anorexia nervosa runs in families and can be inherited.
The exact cause of anorexia nervosa is unknown. It is believed to be a result of psychological, biological, and social stress. It may also be related to sexual development during adolescence. Some experts believe that anorexia nervosa is a response to social attitudes that equate beauty with being thin.
Even though the vast majority of doctors and health care professionals in the United States and around the world are well aware of the dangers of anorexia nervosa and its outcomes,…...
In addition, nutritional therapy is often necessary to balance body and brain chemistry before improvement can take place (Lock & Fitzpatrick, 2009).
Prevention
Since an can be so difficult to treat after onset, some researchers are focused on possible measures to prevent the development of eating disorders in the first place, and some of their findings are highly promising (Novotney, 2009). For example, a 2008 study of nearly 500 adolescent girls with poor body image found a 60% reduction in the development of eating disorder symptomology among those who participated in intervention activities (Novotney, 2009). Preventive interventions were based on the theory of cognitive dissonance and required young women to express criticisms of society's ultra-thin female ideal through various individual and group exercises (Novotney, 2009). This suggests that at the middle school and high school levels, parents, teachers, and counselors may be able to counteract some harmful media messages about thinness…...
mlaReferences
DeAngelis, T. (2002). Promising Treatments for Anorexia and Bulimia. Monitor, 33 (3), 38.
http://www.apa.org/monitor/mar02/promising.aspx
Hatch, a., & al, e. (2010). Emotion Brain Alterations in Anorexia Nervosa: a Candidate Biological Marker and Implications for Treatment. ournal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN. Volume: 35. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2010. Page Number: 267+, 35 (4), 267+.
Kanarek, R., & al, e. (2009). Running and Addiction: Precipitated Withdrawal in a Rat Model of Anorexia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 123 (4), 905-912.
Anorexics, even those who are outgoing and happy, may become withdrawn and non-communicative when they suffer from the disease. Dr. Lucas writes of one of his patients, "She withdrew even more. One evening her mother found her curled up in her closet, crying hysterically" (Lucas 15). As young women lose weight, often their families become concerned about their weight loss and health, and may try to force the girl to eat or visit a family doctor. This can lead to increased stress and unhappiness in the family, putting more pressure on the sufferer. Many young women with anorexia see themselves as totally in control of their own bodies, and giving up that control (by eating more) is frightening and even horrible to them. This leads to mental anguish and fear of discovery. Many anorexics start to spend much time alone, shutting themselves off from family and friends and any…...
mlaReferences
Epling, W. Frank and W. David Pierce, eds. Activity Anorexia Theory, Research, and Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.
Goff, Karen Goldberg. "Research Ties Bulimia, Anorexia to Genetics." The Washington Times 2 Apr. 2000: 4.
Gooberman-Hill, Rachael. "Feeding Anorexia: Gender and Power at a Treatment Center." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10.3 (2004): 743+.
Lager, E. Grace, and Brian R. McGee. "Hiding the Anorectic: A Rhetorical Analysis of Popular Discourse concerning Anorexia." Women's Studies in Communication 26.2 (2003): 266+.
Another major finding of this study is that socio-cultural differences were related to anorexia nervosa. The soundness of the resarch design allowed the authors to gather comprehensive case-findings regarding anorexia incidences. Among the mixed-race population, the anorexia rate was at 9.1 per 100,000. However, it is significant to note that there were no cases of anorexia found among the black population, who constituted the largest racial group in Curacao.
Contrary to the hypothesis, however, Hoek et al. (2005) found no evidence that socioeconomic transition caused the emergence of anorexia nervosa in Curacao. After all, if there was a positive correlation, then the fact that Curacao is a "high income" country would raise its anorexia rate to a level comparable to the United States and the Netherlands. The two latter countries have similar anorexia rates, while Curacao's is much lower.
The authors present three possible explanations for this lack of a positive correlation.…...
mlaReferences
Hoek, Hans et al. 2005. "The Incidence of Anorexia Nervosa on Curacao." The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162(4): 748-753.
Young people with poor eating habits can develop eating disorders or these disorders may be in response to various psycho-sociological issues that arise during adolescence. Irrespective of the cause, adolescents with eating disorders run the risk of a wide range of adverse healthcare outcomes, including obesity, high blood pressure, bone loss and even death. The problem is more common than many people believe, and the prevalence of eating disorders has been increasing in recent years due in part to improved recognition of the condition by clinicians. To determine the current state of affairs with adolescent eating disorders, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to develop a background and overview of eating disorders, their effects and how these conditions are treated. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings about adolescent eating disorders are provided in the conclusion.
Background and Overview
Professional and public awareness of…...
mlaReferences
Cariun, C., Taut, D., & Baban, A. (2012, March). Self-regulatory strategies for eating behavior in children and adolescents: A concept mapping approach. Cognitie, Creier,
Comportament, 16(1), 49-54.
Enos, G.A. (2013, March/April). Addressing eating disorders earlier. Addiction Professional,
11(2), 40.
Anorexia Nervosa
Naturally, almost all human beings are concerned about adding excess weight. However, in some individuals the fear becomes obsessive, resulting in a condition called Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia is an eating disorder that could lead to serious weight-loss. The extreme fear concentrates on bodyweight and the food eaten. Anorexia is serious and possibly debilitating life threatening mental sickness (Lloyd et al. 2014). People with Anorexia have not made a 'lifestyle choice'; they are very sick and need help. The reasons for the onset of Anorexia differ from individual to individual; known causes include previous traumatic experiences, environmental, biological aspects. For some individuals, reducing their weight and food can be a way of managing life areas that feel out of their management and their whole body image can come to determine their entire feeling of self-worth. It can be an expression of feelings related to complications like pain, stress, or anxiety.…...
mlaReferences
Couturier J, Kimber M, & Szatmari P. (2013). Efficacy of Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents with Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J. Eat Disord. Vol. 46(1):3-11
Le Grange, D, Accurso, E., Lock, J., Agras, S. And Bryson, S. (2013). Early Weight Gain Predicts Outcome in Two Treatments for Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa. (Int J. Eat Disord 2014; 47:124 -- 129)
Lloyd S, Yiend J, Schmidt U, & Tchanturia K (2014). Perfectionism in Anorexia Nervosa: Novel Performance-Based Evidence. PLoS ONE 9(10): 1-8e111697.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111697
Treating Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating confusion described by a terror of fatness experienced during the adolescence period that leads to them to starving themselves leading to harmful low body weight, a moody fear of being fat and compulsive hunt for thinness. Though not limited to a certain age or sex, it mostly affects the female. The eating disorder affects both the physical appearance; thin appearance and psychological health. Though the origin of anorexia nervosa is blurred, severe fasting and weight loss are regularly linked with efforts to manage the increasing psychological and social burden of adolescence, the disorder leads to a reported death rate of 6-10% of the adolescent who do not seek medication in time Berkman et al., 2006.
The worry among most clinicians is whether to focus on anxieties the adolescence have during this period of growth or addressing the rigorous dieting and weight loss.…...
mlaReference
Berkman, N.D., Bulik, C., Lohr, K., Brownley, K., J., S., Rooks, A., & Gartlehner, G. (2006). Management of Eating Disorders. North Carolina: AHRQ Publication.
Cachelin, M., & Rebeck, R. (2000). Barriers to Treatment for Eating Disorders among Ethnically Diverse Women. California: Wesleyan press.
Lock, J., Couturier, J., & A., S.W. (2006). Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa Treated With Family Therapy. Ontario: DOI press.
Shepphird, S.F. (2010). 100 questions & answers about anorexia nervosa. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
The Impact of Low Body Fat on the Performance of Female Athletes in Sports
Low body fat, often measured as a percentage of total body mass, is a topic of growing concern in the world of female athletics. While a certain level of body fat is essential for optimal health and function, extremely low levels can have detrimental effects on both physical and mental well-being, potentially impacting athletic performance.
Physiological Impacts
Reduced Muscle Mass: Low body fat can lead to a decrease in muscle mass, which is essential for strength, power, and endurance. This can compromise athletic performance in a variety of....
Eating disorders are complex mental illnesses characterized by abnormal eating habits and extreme concern about body weight and shape. While various treatment approaches exist, compulsory treatment - which involves mandatory hospitalization or supervision - has been a topic of debate in the field of eating disorder treatment.
A study by Steinglass et al. (2017) analyzed the effectiveness of compulsory treatment for adults with severe eating disorders. The findings indicated that compulsory treatment led to significant improvements in weight restoration and reduction of eating disorder symptoms. However, ethical concerns were raised regarding the infringement of patients’ autonomy and civil liberties.
On the other....
Ethicality and Efficacy of Compulsory Treatment for Eating Disorders
Introduction:
Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are severe mental illnesses that can have life-threatening consequences. Due to the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with these disorders, there has been considerable debate about the ethicality and efficacy of compulsory treatment. This essay will examine the literature that supports the ethicality and efficacy of compulsory treatment for eating disorders.
Ethical Considerations:
Individual Autonomy vs. Public Health Concerns:
Compulsory treatment involves restricting an individual's freedom by mandating therapy or hospitalization. However, it can be argued that the public health concerns associated with eating....
1. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe food restriction
2. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging, such as vomiting or using laxatives
3. Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in which a person consumes a large amount of food in a short period of time
4. Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses that can have devastating consequences, including death
5. People with eating disorders often have a distorted body image, and may see themselves as overweight even when....
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