Anemia is defined as a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells in order for oxygen to be carried to tissues (Mayo Clinic, 2010). ed blood cells are shaped like discs and resemble doughnuts without holes in the middle (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 2010). ed blood cells are manufactured in bone marrow, and their function is to carry oxygen throughout the body and to remove waste from the body in the form of carbon dioxide (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 2010). Anemia can also manifest if red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that lends to the red color of blood (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 2010). Hemoglobin is the actual protein that aids red blood cells in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to various bodily tissues (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 2010).…...

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References

Bortolini, G.A. & Vitolo, M.R. (2010). Relationship between iron deficiency and anemia in children younger than 4 years old. Journal of Pediatrics (Rio de Janeiro), 86(6) (|Epub ahead of print). Retrieved November 20, 2010 from PubMed database.

Gautam, C.S., Saha, L., Sekhri, K. & Saha, P.K. (2008). Iron deficiency in pregnancy and the rationality of iron supplements prescribed during pregnancy. Medscape Journal of Medicine, 10(12), 283. Retrieved November 20, 2010 from PubMed database.

Gupta, S., Singh, P.K., Bhatt, M.L., Pant, M.C., Sundar, S., Verma, J., Paul, S., Kumar, D., Shah, A., Gupta, R., & Negi, M.P. (2010). Clinical benefits of two different dosing schedules of recombinant human erythroprotein in anemic patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Bioscience Trends, 4(5), 267-72. Retrieved November 20, 2010 from PubMed database.

Mayo Clinic (2010). Anemia. Retrieved November 20, 2010 from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anemia/DS00321 .

d.). According to Brody (2008), "Babies are born with about 500 milligrams (mg) of iron in their bodies. By the time they reach adulthood they need to have about 5,000 mg."
Tympa-Psirropoulou et al. (2008) outline the three stages during which iron deficiency anemia develops in infants. First, iron stores in the body become gradually depleted. "Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in blood," (Brody 2008). This first stage is sometimes called the pre-latent iron deficiency stage. The second stage is the latent iron deficiency stage, at which "the level of serum iron starts decreasing in parallel with an offsetting increase in siderophylin synthesis," (Tympa-Psirropoulou et al. 2008). Finally, the third stage is full onset iron deficiency anemia.

Once iron deficiency anemia has been identified in the infant, the problem can be corrected by careful supplementation. If the infant is being breast fed, the mother may need to…...

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References

Bogen, D.L., Duggan, a.K., Dover, G.J., & Wilson, M.H. (1999). Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dietary History in a High-Risk Population. PEDIATRICS Vol. 105 No. 6 June 2000, pp. 1254-1259. Retrieved online:  http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/6/1254 

Brody, J.E. (2008) "Iron Deficiency Anemia - Children." New York Times: Health Guide. Retrieved online:  http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/iron-deficiency-anemia-children/overview.html 

"Iron deficiency anemia - children," (n.d.). MedlinePlus. Retrieved online:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007134.htm 

KidsHealth (n.d.). Iron-deficient anemia. Retrieved online:  http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/heart/ida.html

Direct supplementation is often the best method to immediately counteract the effects of anemia. But supplementation alone on a long-term basis is seldom recommended as the sole course of treatment -- dietary rectification is usually required for sustained improvement. Food -- based strategies can include the introduction of iron-rich foods. But in many nations these types of foods may be poorly available, especially iron-rich meat. Iron fortification of foods is another realistic method for reducing the prevalence of deficiency through consumption. In industrialized countries such as America, breakfast cereals and nutritional bars and shakes are regularly supplemented with iron. The choice of breads and other carbohydrates as the vehicle of iron is deliberate, given that flour-based goods and grains like breads and cereals are "frequently consumed, staple foods. Bread is a particularly useful vehicle as the risk for organoleptic deterioration due to the pro-oxidative properties of iron is lower compared…...

signs of anemia that is caused by blood loss. Anemia caused by blood loss can take place over long periods of time, and in Ms. A's situation, that could be what is taking place. According to her medical history, she has been suffering from "menorrhagia" and "dysmenorrhea," both of which are signs of anemia in women, especially during child-birthing years. Other signs of anemia in the patient include the fact that she feels fatigued, and the light-headedness she suffers while golfing. Additionally, she has been on aspirin for 10-12 years, and she also takes aspirin more often during the golfing season. As one report suggests; the use of "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can cause ulcers and gastritis" (ebMD, 2014) which, of course, can result in the type of chronic bleeding associated with anemia.
The case study shows the results of the patient's blood test, and…...

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Works Cited

Ford, J.; (2013) Red blood cell morphology, International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, Vol. 35, Issue 3, pp. 351 -- 357

Kansagara, D.; Dyer, E.; Englander, H.; Rongwei, F.; Freeman, M.; Kagen, D.; (2013) Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 159, Issue 11, pp. 746 -- 757

WebMD (2014) Understanding anemia -- the basics, accessed on July 16, 2014 at  http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basics ,

Anemia Case Study
The circumstances and preliminary workup in Ms. A's case indicates that she is suffering from a certain type of anemia. Even though she is an apparently healthy woman, Ms. A's conditions worsen during her menstruation period. Generally, anemia is a condition that is brought by the impaired or increased generation of erythrocytes and is also known as iron poor blood. Athletes who engage in endurance training such as Ms. A are sometimes faced with the likelihood of developing anemia. Given the circumstances and laboratory test results of Ms. A, there is need to identify the specific type of anemia she is suffering from through proper diagnosis in order to provide the most suitable treatment.

Based on the evidence presented in this case, Ms. A is suffering from iron-deficiency anemia, which is a common type of anemia brought by decrease in iron concentration in blood and the levels of hemoglobin.…...

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References

American Society of Hematology. (n.d.). Iron-Deficiency Anemia. Retrieved November 27, 2016, from  http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/Iron-Deficiency.aspx 

Harper, J.L., Conrad, M.E. & Besa, E.C. (2016, November 14). Iron Deficiency Anemia. Retrieved November 27, 2016, from  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview 

Lee, C., Berntorp, E. & Hoots, K. (2011). Textbook of hemophilia (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pernicious Anemia I uploaded instructions. The essay written ASA format, scholarly references pages.
Pernicious anemia is a medical condition where the body is unable to manufacture the required red blood cells due to the lack of enough vitamin B12. According to Ban-Hock and Alderuccio (2004)

vitamin B12 is used in the body for making healthy red blood cells and to ensure the nervous system is functioning properly. Persons suffering from pernicious anemia are unable to absorb the required vitamin B12 from the food they consume. The lack of intrinsic factor protein is the main cause of absorption failure. If a person's body does not have enough vitamin B12, their red blood cells will not divide normally, and they become too large. This will result in the red blood cells not been released from the bone marrow where they are made. The person's body will eventually not have enough red blood cells for…...

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References

Ban-Hock, T., & Alderuccio, F. (2004). Pernicious Anaemia. [Article]. Autoimmunity, 37(4), 357-361. doi: 10.1080/08916930410001705439

Madara, B., & Pomarico-Denino, V. (2007). Pathophysiology. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Sun, A., Wang, Y., Lin, H., Chia, J., & Chiang, C. (2013). Do all the patients with gastric parietal cell antibodies have pernicious anemia? [Article]. Oral Diseases, 19(4), 381-386. doi: 10.1111/odi.12014

Megaloblastic anemia is a blood disorder in which there is anemia with larger than normal red blood cells. Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells which are necessary for providing oxygen to body tissue (ADAM 2011). The common feature in megaloblastic conditions is a defect in DNA synthesis when cells are rapidly dividing. It associated with another condition which is known as pernicious anemia, a condition that is caused when not enough B12 vitamins are absorbed into the intestines and leads to a decrease in red cells. These dysfunctional red blood cells are found in the bone marrow of afflicted patients.
Etiology: People over the age of 60, those who have eating disorders like bulimia or anorexia nervosa, those with cancer can get the condition. Smoking and drinking are factors which contribute to megaloblastic anemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency, alcoholism, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis,…...

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Works Cited:

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (2011). Megaloblastic anemia. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001593/ 

Approach considerations (2012). Medscape Reference.

Prevalence and incidence of megaloblastic anemia (2011). Retrieved from  http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/megaloblastic_anemia/prevalence.htm 

Schick, P. (2012). Megaloblastic anemia. Medscape.

Sickle Cell Anemia
As an inherited condition, it is presence of hemoglobin which tends to be abnormal that brings about sickle cell anemia. In basic terms, hemoglobin is a red blood cell protein whose main function is carrying oxygen. It is this hemoglobin abnormality that informs 'sickled' or distorted red blood cells whose survival is compromised as a result of the distortion and fragility. Though the prevalence of the condition largely varies in accordance with the region, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention points out that of all blood disorders, sickle cell anemia has earned itself a distinction as the most commonly inherited in America. In this text, I come up with a complete and concise definition of the disorder and its prevalence. I also detail how the condition affects body systems and how it is treated.

A Detailed Overview of the Condition

When it comes to individuals with sickle cell anemia,…...

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References

Arnold. J.L. (July 11th, 2011). Sickle Cell Anemia: Epidemiology. Retrieved July 27th, 2011, from the Medscape Website:  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/205926-overview#a0156 

Crowley, L.V. (2009). An Introduction to Human Diseases: Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Falvo, D.R. (2005). Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illnesses and Disability. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Khanna, P. (2009). Essentials of Genetics. I.K. International Pvt Ltd.

Health
Commonly, anemia presents as a condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells in the body. Common symptoms to all cases of anemia include general fatigue and a basic lack of energy. In women, symptoms can become worse during pregnancy or menstruation. When one diagnoses a specific type of anemia, it is important to take into account not only the laboratory results, but also how these combine with the particular current symptoms presented, as well as the sufferer's medical history.

For Ms. A's specific case, I would diagnose iron deficiency anemia. There are various clues that led to this conclusion. First, she is reported to be apparently healthy before developing the symptoms that brought her to the clinic. She is also among one of the at-risk individuals for the condition, being a woman of child-bearing age (MedlinePlus, 2012).

In this group, iron deficiency anemia can manifest suddenly or gradually.…...

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References

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2012). Cardiomyopathy/Heart Failure. Retrieved from:  http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/heart_vascular_institute/conditions_treatments/conditions/cardiomyopathy.html 

MedlinePlus (2012). Iron Deficiency Anemia. Retrieved from:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000584.htm

Sickle cell anemia according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health - NLM/NIH (2013), "is a disease in which your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells." As the NLM/NIH further point out, the cells produced in this case ordinarily have a crescent-like shape. The red blood cells of an individual usually have a disk-like shape. It is this disk like shape that enhances and eases their movement through the blood vessels of an individual. According to NLM/NIH (2013), sickle cells routinely get stuck in an individual's blood vessels thereby causing blood flow blockage. In addition to causing pain, such blockage could also lead to organ damage (NLM/NIH, 2013).
When it comes to the causes of the disease, it is important to note that genetics play a critical role on this front. In that regard, therefore, a parent can pass the sickle cell disease to their child. It…...

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References

U.S. National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health - NLM/NIH (2013). Sickle Cell Anemia. Retrieved from  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sicklecellanemia.html

Another symptom that is often found is a yellowing of skin and eyes; this is a sign of jaundice due to the breakdown of red blood cells. Another sign is that children may show delayed growth and development. (Genetic Disease Profile: Sickle Cell Anemia)
One of the aspects that problematizes this disease are the complications that can arise as a result of the lowering of body defenses and the increased vulnerability to illness. This can be ascribed to spleen damage. The disease "....prevents the spleen from destroying bacteria in the blood. Infants and young children, especially, are susceptible to bacterial infections that can kill them in as little as 9 hours from onset of fever." (Genetic Disease Profile: Sickle Cell Anemia)

Stroke is anther serious possible consequence of this disease. This can result from defective cells damaging the walls of red blood vessels.

6. Brief historical overview.

hile the HbS gene is usually…...

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Works Cited

Brief History of Sickle Cell Disease. May 31, 2006.  http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scd_history.html 

Anemia, Sickle Cell. May 31, 2006.  http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic26.htm 

Genetic Disease Profile: Sickle Cell Anemia. May 31, 2006.  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/sca.shtml 

Sickle cell anemia. May 31, 2006.  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sickle-cell-anemia/DS00324

Pharmacotherapy for Hematologic DisordersAnemia is an hematologic disorder that occurs when the individual lacks the requisite number of healthy red blood cells for bringing oxygen to the bodys cells. Without oxygen, the bodys cells are essentially choked to death. ed blood cells depend on a number of supports, such as iron, B12, and folate for healthy development. In children these supports are especially necessary and they are still in a developmental stage. Treating children with anemia can depend upon the severity and source causing the anemia; however, there are some pharmacotherapy options available. This paper will consider drug treatments for patients with anemia and the factor of age and how it plays a part in the treatment process.As Ozdemir (2015) notes, reduced erythrocyte count or a hemoglobin (Hb) value 5 percentile below the normal hemoglobin value specified for that age in healthy individuals is defined as anemia (p. 11). Treating…...

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ReferencesÖzdemir, N. (2015). Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Ar?ivi, 50(1), 11.Powers, J. M., Buchanan, G. R., Adix, L., Zhang, S., Gao, A., & McCavit, T. L. (2017). Effect of low-dose ferrous sulfate vs iron polysaccharide complex on hemoglobin concentration in young children with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 317(22), 2297-2304.

Essay Topic Examples 1.The Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia:
    This essay would explore the genetic mutation responsible for sickle cell anemia, how the disease is inherited, and the molecular mechanisms leading to the characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells. It would also discuss the prevalence of the mutation in different populations and the evolutionary theory of the heterozygote advantage in areas with malaria.

2.Managing ain in Sickle Cell Anemia atients:
    The essay would delve into the strategies for managing the chronic pain that often accompanies sickle cell anemia, including pharmaceutical options, physical therapy, and alternative therapies. It would highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and provide an overview of the challenges in treating chronic pain in these patients.

3.Advancements in Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease:
    Focusing on the cutting-edge research in genetic treatments, this essay would detail the current advancements in gene therapy and their potential to provide a cure for sickle cell anemia.…...

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Primary Sources

Serjeant, Graham R. \"The Natural History of Sickle Cell Disease.\" Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 3, no. 10, 2013, a011783. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011783.

Ingram, V. M. \"A Specific Chemical Difference Between the Globins of Normal Human and Sickle-cell Anaemia Haemoglobin.\" Nature, vol. 178, 1956, pp. 792–794. doi:10.1038/178792a0.

Steinberg, Martin H. et al. \"Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management.\" Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780521622316.

Bunn, Howard Franklin. \"Pathogenesis and Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease.\" The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 11, 1997, pp. 762–769. doi:10.1056/NEJM199709113371107.

Platt, Orah S. et al. \"Pain in Sickle Cell Disease. Rates and Risk Factors.\" The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 325, no. 1, 1991, pp. 11–16. doi:10.1056/NEJM199107043250103.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia:
    Explore the hereditary factors of sickle cell anemia, including the mutation in the HBB gene that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin. Discuss the implications of this mutation on the red blood cells and the resultant pathophysiology.

2. Sickle Cell Anemia and Its Global Health Impact:
    Analyze the prevalence of sickle cell anemia in various regions around the world and how it affects different populations. Delve into the socio-economic factors that influence its treatment and the strategies different health systems adopt to manage the disease.

3. Living with Sickle Cell Anemia: Challenges and Coping Mechanisms:
    Describe the day-to-day challenges faced by individuals living with sickle cell anemia. Evaluate how patients cope with symptoms, complications, and the psychological impacts of the disease, and highlight supportive measures that enhance quality of life.

4. Advances in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia:
    Discuss recent advances in medical…...

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Primary Sources

\"The Molecular Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia: A Review\" by Ingram, Vernon M. Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, 1961, pp. 56–76.

\"Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Look at Global Haplotype Distribution\" by Piel, Frédéric B., et al. Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 16, no. 3, 2015, pp. 171–182.

\"Genetic Modifiers of the Severity of Sickle Cell Anemia Identified Through a Genome-Wide Association Study\" by Lettre, Guillaume, et al. The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 88, no. 1, 2011, pp. 29–39.

\"Sickle Cell Disease: Old Discoveries, New Concepts, and Future Promise\" by Rees, David C., et al. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 127, no. 4, 2017, pp. 1202–1214.

\"A Multidimensional Genomic Approach to Sickle Cell Disease Research and Treatment\" by Connes, Philippe, et al. Physiological Genomics, vol. 48, no. 7, 2016, pp. 502–511.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia and its Inheritance atterns:
This essay will dissect the genetic underpinnings of sickle cell anemia, detailing the specific DNA mutation in the HBB gene responsible for the abnormal hemoglobin formation. The focus will be on how the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and the implications for carriers and affected individuals.

2. Sickle Cell Anemia: Clinical Manifestations and Challenges in Management:
The essay will explore the multifaceted clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia, ranging from periodic painful crises to chronic complications such as organ damage. It will discuss the current challenges healthcare professionals face in managing these symptoms and the impact on the quality of life of those affected.

3. Advancements in Treatment Options for Sickle Cell Anemia:
This essay aims to chart the progress in treatment modalities for sickle cell anemia, covering traditional…...

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Primary Sources

Bunn, H. Franklin. \"Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease.\" New England Journal of Medicine 337.11 (1997): 762-769.

Rees, David C., et al. \"Sickle-cell disease.\" The Lancet 376.9757 (2010): 2018-2031.

Lettre, Guillaume, et al. \"DNA polymorphisms at the BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB, and beta-globin loci associate with fetal hemoglobin levels and pain crises in sickle cell disease.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.33 (2008): 11869-11874.

Ware, Russell E., et al. \"Hydroxycarbamide in very young children with sickle-cell anaemia: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (BABY HUG).\" The Lancet 377.9778 (2011): 1663-1672.

Steinberg, Martin H. \"Predicting clinical severity in sickle cell anaemia.\" British Journal of Haematology 129.4 (2005): 465-481.

1. Comparison of Red Bone Marrow and Yellow Bone Marrow: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance:

Comparative analysis of the cellular composition and histological features of red and yellow bone marrow.
Elaborate on the functional differences between red bone marrow (hematopoiesis) and yellow bone marrow (energy storage).
Discuss the clinical implications of red bone marrow disorders (e.g., anemia, leukemia) and yellow bone marrow disorders (e.g., fatty marrow infiltration).

2. Red Bone Marrow Transplantation: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges:

Provide an overview of the process of red bone marrow transplantation, including donor selection, harvesting techniques, and conditioning regimens.
Explore the mechanisms of engraftment and....

I. Introduction
A. Definition of gene editing and its potential applications in medicine
B. Ethical considerations and potential risks

II. Techniques for Gene Editing
A. CRISPR-Cas9 system
B. Other gene editing technologies (e.g., TALENs, ZFNs)
C. Comparison of different techniques

III. Applications of Gene Editing in Medicine
A. Treatment of genetic diseases (e.g., sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)
B. Cancer therapy (e.g., CAR T-cell therapy)
C. Regenerative medicine (e.g., tissue engineering, organ transplantation)

IV. Ethical and Societal Implications of Gene Editing
A. Off-target effects and unintended consequences
B. Long-term health risks and the need for monitoring
C. Concerns about genetic enhancement and the....

I. Introduction
- Background information on Vitamin C
- Importance of Vitamin C for human health
- Brief explanation of the purpose of the essay

II. The beneficial effects of Vitamin C
- Role of Vitamin C in supporting the immune system
- Antioxidant properties of Vitamin C
- Impact of Vitamin C on collagen synthesis

III. Food sources of Vitamin C
- Citrus fruits and their Vitamin C content
- Other fruits and vegetables rich in Vitamin C
- Importance of consuming a variety of sources for Vitamin C

IV. Deficiency and excess of Vitamin C
- Symptoms of Vitamin....

Lifestyle Changes and Nutrition in Infertility Management

Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse, affects approximately 10-15% of couples worldwide. While medical interventions like assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) often take center stage in infertility treatment, lifestyle modifications and proper nutrition play a crucial role in improving fertility outcomes.

### Lifestyle Changes

1. Maintain a Healthy Weight:
Obesity and underweight can impair hormonal balance and ovulation. Maintaining a healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) can improve fertility in both men and women.

2. Regular Exercise:
Moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking or swimming, for 30 minutes most days of the week, can....