Ancient Greece developed eastern side Mediterranean a series loosely connected City-States. Here seeds modern science. Greek philosophers / scientists, Plato Aristotle (Hellenic Era) wealth devote time study natural phenomena, abstract ideas mathematics, astronomy..ID
Ancient Greece: Overview

Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of civilization because the city-states of Greece, most notably Athens, gave birth to concepts that still inform modern life, such as the significance of empirical, rationalist science and the importance of democracy. In contrast to the hereditary monarchy of Egypt, which exercised considerable centralized control over the entire empire of the Pharaoh, Greece was organized into a series of disparate city-states. Athens was run as a democracy of free-born men, who voted by majority rules on the decisions of the city. "Although there were exceptions, many of the city-states operated on the principle that rulers served the people and did not necessarily rule for life, but could be removed.…...

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References

Greece and the birth of science. (2012). University of Arizona. Retrieved:

 http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/text/extgreekscience.htm 

Greek Culture. (n.d). Ancient Civilizations. Retrieved:

 http://www.crystalinks.com/greekculture.html

Ancient Greece
Greek History

The Impact of Alexander and the Development of Democracy

The development of democracy in Greece came about due to many factors, each playing a significant role in a slow process. It can be traced back to the election of Solon and his impact on the polis of Athens. He created a four-tier class system, awarding political privileges to those in each class (Ober, 1998). While more say was given to the people, it was not until the polis of Athens went to war with Sparta did great change commence. The growth of the Athenian navy was pivotal in the creation of democracy, as Athens became a predominant military power (Ober, 1998). Thereafter, equal powers were dispersed among the people, as their role in defending the state grew greater.

According to author Josiah Ober (1998), "the rise of the navy was contemporary with the flowering of Athenian democracy" (p. 64). This…...

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References

Davies, J.K. (1993). Democracy and classical Greece. Boston, MA: Harvard University

Press.

Fergusson, W.S. (1913). Greek imperialism. Boston, MA: The University Press

Cambridge.

At any stage in the proceedings, "judgment could be entered by default, but it could also be set aside "…except in the case of perjury established by judgment of court" (Calhoun, 309-10). The incidents mentioned above pertain to civil law only, and reflect the intelligence of the ancient Greeks when it was obvious that trivial cases could be handled in "cheap and speedy" kind of justice (Calhoun, 310).
In the case of criminal law in ancient Athens, it also has similarities with modern estern law strategies and procedures. It was what Calhoun calls "logical, coherent," and it entailed a complete "body of statutory law, enforced by the processes very similar" to those described in the paragraphs above (310). Seven centuries before Christ, in ancient Greece, the Council of the Areopagus created a "customary criminal jurisdiction of nearly as advanced a type as that exercised much later in Rome," Calhoun explains…...

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Works Cited

Bartholomees, J. Boone. (2006). U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy. U.S. Army War College. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.

Burdick, William Livesey. (2004). The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern

Law. Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.

Calhoun, George Miller. (1923). Greek Law and Modern Jurisprudence. California Law Review,

When Plato was constructing his ideal civilization in the epublic, those citizens fittest to rule were of the philosophers' class, while the lowest orders of society were deemed to be the craftsmen and tradesmen. Although Greek was in actuality a democracy, these common men, in Plato's estimation, were considered unworthy to participate in government. This reflects a type of snobbery typical of ancient Greece. Even scientific disciplines that emphasized thought rather than experimentation and application were esteemed more than pursuits such as architecture. This is also why astronomy, more than the hands-on sciences, was considered to be the highest art.
oman architecture, including the aqueducts, the domed Pantheon, and its impressive network of roads were important 'firsts' in the history of the world. They would not have been possible without the use of Greek principles, but many of the principles had never been put into action.

eference

Lecture 7: Hellenistic science and oman…...

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Reference

Lecture 7: Hellenistic science and Roman Science. November 5, 2009.

www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/1001/handouts/H07_H&R.DOC

irth control which is also known as fertility control and contraception, describes the devices or methods that are used to prevent an egg from getting fertilized by the sperm and thus preventing pregnancy[footnoteRef:2]. Provision of birth control and planning a pregnancy is referred to as family planning. Safe sex implies the use of condoms; both male and female, does not only prevent unwanted pregnancies, but also prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases through the use of condoms. In the contemporary world, the use of contraceptives has increased in the developing countries and therefore the number of maternal deaths has decreased by about 44%. However, this figure can be decreased by 73% if the demands for birth control are met completely. Teenage pregnancies have the tendency to result in complications including low birth weight, preterm birth and infant mortality. Therefore, many health specialists believe that adolescents should be given complete…...

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Bibliography

Ahmed, S.; Li, Q.; Liu, L.; Tsui, A.O. "Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries." The Lancet 380 (2012): 111 -- 125.

Cleland, J.; Conde-Agudelo, A.; Peterson, H.; Ross, J.; Tsui, A. "Contraception and health." The Lancet 380 (2012): 149 -- 156.

Galeni P, Claudii (1992). In OdysseasHatzopoulos. "That the best physician is also a philosopher" with an Modern Greek Translation.1992.

Kapparis, K. "Women and Family in Athenian Law." D-mos Classical Athenian Democracy a Stoa Publication, 2003.

Statues
Ancient Greece was a place of incredible artistry in terms of architecture, playwriting, and sculpture. At the start of Grecian culture, artists and craftsman were seen as relatively unimportant members of society because they did not contribute anything of perceived importance. They worked in aesthetic mediums which although appreciated were not given as much value as politicians or philosophical thinkers. In around the year 480 BC, art became far more important as it became clear that through artistic media, stories could be written and legacies forged. In the present moment, by looking at the artworks which have been discovered that date back to the period of the Ancient Greeks, modern scholars can interpret what differences occurred in the various epochs of the era, such as the types of artwork created, the subjects which were given the most importance, and the mediums employed. The subject of the sculpture in particular…...

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Works Cited

Clark, Kenneth. The Nude: a Study in Ideal Form. 1956. Print.

"Faculty of Classics Archive." Kritios Boy. University of Cambridge, 2009. Web. 09 Mar. 2013.

"Greek Art." Kouros. Ancient-Greece, 2013. Web. 09 Mar. 2013.

Hurwit, Jeffrey M. "The Kritios Boy: Discovery, Reconstruction, and Date." American Journal

At the top were the native Spartans who could trace their ancestry back to the original inhabitants of the city. These were the individuals who could serve within the army and enjoyed the full political and legal rights of the state. The second class of citizens was the perieici, who were foreign people who worked within the city and for the Spartans and served as a buffer to the Helots. These individuals acted as the commercial class within Athenian society, running the majority of trade and shops within the city. They were granted a great deal of liberty within the Spartan system and also received the protection of the Spartan military. The final class was the conquered Messenians or Helot class. This class lived as virtual slaves and they farmed the lands for the Spartan military class. Exploitation within this arena was taken the extreme level as the majority…...

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece
The legends surrounding the beginning of the Olympic games are many, but it is generally believed that Heracles, the son of Zeus, founded the ancient Greek Olympic games. There is some evidence that the games had been going on for longer than we have written records for. The first records of the games at Olympia are from 776 BC.

The first Olympic games were not the games of today that represent a worldwide competition between the best athletes of the world. The ancient Olympic games were dedicated to the Gods and only involved Greek athletes. There are mythological origins of the games. One myth is that Pelops, the son of Tantalus (who defied the Gods), wanted to marry Hippodamia. Hippodamia was the daughter of Oenomaus, the king of Pisa. The king lusted after his own daughter and strived to kill all of her potential mates by…...

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Works cited

Cartledge, Paul. "Olympic Self-Sacrifice." History Today. Dec. 2000: 10-15.

Conan, Neal. "Analysis: Ancient Greek Olympics Talk of the Nation." (NPR); 9 June 2004.

"History of the Ancient Olympic Games." 5 May 2005 .

Rolfe, John. "A Fractured History of the Ancient Olympians." Sports Illustrated for Kids Nov.

Greek Civilization
Philosophy and Ancient Greece

Polis State

The ancient Greek civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations of their time. They were innovators in their own class as they were one of the first civilizations to develop a functioning society, economy as well as a political system. Setting up a political system was one of the most innovative and bold things to do. In those times the Greek lived in small states rather than one nation. This was the establishment of the polis or better known as the city-state. Despite introducing a political system, the polis had to go through several teething problems. Politics was an experimental system with no definite foundation. The problems could be traced back to the time when autocratic rulers ruled the city-states. Due to the transformation of societies a definite political system could not be established. Even though a democracy was established, it wasn't a well-defined…...

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Bibliography

1. Reading in Ancient History, Nels M. Bailkey, Richard Lim

human form: Paleolithic art through ancient Greece
Over the course of human history, the artistic representation of the human form gradually became both more 'realistic' and 'idealistic.' Although this may sound like a contradictory statement, when viewing the shift from the highly stylized, anonymous figures in Paleolithic art to the anatomically correct, near-perfect representations of the human form in Classical Athens, a gazer can see a clear change in the intentions of the artists. Instead of attempting to render the human form in spare and symbolic terms, artists instead grew intent upon celebrating the unique nature of the human spirit and anatomy.

Art of the Paleolithic era "concerned itself with either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings) or fertility (Venus figurines). Its predominant theme was animals" (Esaak 2010). The meaning of Paleolithic art was purposeful, to either gain food through creating a symbolic representation of an animal, or to gain control over…...

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Works Cited

"The Charioteer of Delphi." Ancient Greece. March 9, 2011

 http://ancient-greece.org/art/chiarioteer.html 

Esaak, Shelley. "Paleolithic Art - Art History 101 Basics. ca. 30,000-10,000 BC.

About.com Guide. March 9, 2011

Idealism and Naturalism
Art in ancient Greece approached beauty through the concepts of naturalism, idealism, and a combination of the two. In the case of the diskobolos (also spelled discobolos), it is viewed as naturalistic because it accurately represents the way a human male body looks. The discus in hand indicates that diskobolos does human things, and the way in which his muscles are poised - realistically -- adds to the naturalistic theme. An argument can also be made that the sculpture is idealistic because it has a pose that is so perfect it idealizes the act of throwing a discus (and because the man's body is idealized). This paper points to the literature that identifies diskobolos as naturalism and idealism -- and a blend of both.

Diskobolos -- The Literature

It is apparent that Myron has caught the discus thrower in mid-swing; the thrower has gone as far back as he can…...

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Works Cited

Goldhill, Simon, and Osborne, Robin. 2006. Rethinking Revolutions through Ancient Greece.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hooper, Victoria. 2010. The Discobolos: Bronze Discus Thrower of Myron. Suite 101.

Retrieved December 8, 2012, from http://suite101.com.

World Civilization to 1500: Comparing Ancient Athens and Ancient SpartaIntroductionAncient Athens and Ancient Sparta were both Greek city statesbut they were two very different civilizations in spite of the fact that they existed in some proximity to one another. Athens was known as the seat of culture and learning in the ancient world, and Spartan culture was often ridiculed by Athenians because it was much more focused on sports, physicality and brutality. The Spartans and the Athenians were often at war with one another as well, but on some occasions they worked together against a common enemy, as they did against ancient Persia. The Athenian playwright Aristophenes wrote about the differences between the two civilizations in his famous comedy Lysistrata, in which the Spartan women and the Athenian work together to deprive their men of sex so that the men will stop fighting their silly wars with one another. The…...

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Works Cited

Christesen, P., \\\\\\"Athletics and Social Order in Sparta in the Classical Period,\\\\\\" Classical Antiquity 31, (2012): pp. 193-255.

Diffen. “Athens vs. Sparta.”  https://www.diffen.com/difference/Athens_vs_Sparta 

Figueira, T., \\\\\\"Gynecocracy: how women policed masculine behavior in Archaic and Classical Sparta,\\\\\\" in Powell, A. & Hodkinson, S. (eds), Sparta: The Body Politic, Swansea, (2010): 265-96.

Odysseus is an ideal of manly conduct and resourcefulness in ancient Greek society, as is shown in Homer's The Odyssey. For example, it is the idea of Odysseus to have his men tie him to the mast of their ship and to pour wax in their ears when they are sailing past the sirens: Odysseus wants to hear the music but he is smart enough to know that if he does hear, he will guide his men to sail towards the rocks where the sirens are and then they will wreck. So he uses foresight as a means of self-discipline. And, indeed, when he does hear the voices of the sirens, he wants to go to them -- but, of course, he has guarded against this catastrophe. This would be an example of how Odysseus is resourceful.
An example of the way in which Odysseus displays manly conduct could be…...

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Works Cited

Fantham, H, Foley, H.P. Women in the Classical World. UK: Oxford, 1994. Print.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The arthenon: A Testament to Ancient Greek Architectural Genius:
     Explore the architectural features, construction techniques, and cultural significance of the arthenon, highlighting its role as the epitome of Classical Greek architecture and its enduring legacy in contemporary design.

2. The Evolution of Greek Sculpture from Archaic to Hellenistic eriods:
     Analyze the progression of Greek sculpture, examining the stylistic changes from the rigid forms of the Archaic Kouros figures to the dynamic beauty of Hellenistic masterpieces, reflecting political, philosophical, and artistic developments.

3. The Influence of Ancient Greek Art on the Western Art Tradition:
     Discuss how Ancient Greek art, with its preoccupation with ideal beauty, proportion, and harmony, laid the foundation for the Western art tradition, leaving a lasting impact on art movements and aesthetics throughout history.

4. The Role of Mythology in Ancient Greek Visual Arts:…...

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Primary Sources

- Pausanias. Description of Greece. Translated by W. H. S. Jones, Harvard University Press, 1918.

- Vitruvius. De Architectura (The Ten Books on Architecture). Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, Harvard University Press, 1914.

- Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Books, 1990.

- Pliny the Elder. Natural History: A Selection. Translated by John F. Healy, Penguin Books, 1991.

- The Acropolis Museum. \"Parthenon Frieze.\" The Acropolis Museum,  

http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/parthenon-frieze .

Women of Ancient Greece: The Plays of Euripides
The plays of Euripides reveal how poorly women were viewed in ancient Greece. From Medea to Sthenoboea to Phaedra, Euripides' women cover a wide range of forms: the vengeful, jilted lover; the plotting wife; the incestuous, lustful mother. As Chong-Gossard points out, Euripides does not shy away from "tapping into men's anxieties and frightening them with Medeas and Phaedras...women keeping silent about their devious plots."[footnoteRef:1] If anything, Euripides plays serve to reinforce the notion that in a patriarchal society, a man can never let down his guard against a woman -- because, judging from the works of Euripides, women are some of the most treacherous beings to ever walk the face of the earth. This paper will show how female power was depicted so monstrously in the works of Euripides and what it meant to Greek viewers. [1: James Harvey Kim On Chong-Gossard,…...

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Bibliography

Chong-Gossard, James Harvey Kim On. Gender and Communication in Euripides'

Plays. MA: Brill, 2008.

Euripides. Andromache. NY: Sparksgroup, 2003.

Euripides. Hippolytus. UK: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Cosmetology: A Comprehensive Overview

Cosmetology is the art and science of enhancing the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. It encompasses various treatments and techniques aimed at improving one's overall physical appearance. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of cosmetology, exploring its history, evolution, different branches, and significance in society.

The History of Cosmetology

Cosmetology has its roots in ancient civilizations, where people used natural ingredients like herbs, minerals, and oils to adorn themselves. In ancient Egypt, for example, women applied kohl to their eyes and wore elaborate wigs made from human hair or wool. In ancient Greece, men and women used....

Reimagining Greek Mythology in Modern Storytelling

Throughout history, Greek mythology has captivated imaginations and instilled profound cultural influences. In modern times, it continues to inspire and permeate various storytelling mediums, offering a rich tapestry for contemporary narratives to explore.

Film and Television

Greek mythology has found a vibrant home in film and television, with adaptations ranging from classic tales to contemporary reimaginings. The 1959 epic "Ben-Hur" depicts the trials of a Jewish prince during the Roman occupation of Judea, weaving in elements of Greek tragedy. More recently, the "Percy Jackson" franchise follows a modern-day demigod navigating the dangers of the underworld. Television shows....

1. Aristotle's Political Philosophy: A Comparative Analysis of Plato's Government

2. An Examination of the Key Differences Between Aristotle and Plato in the realm of Governance

3. Plato and Aristotle's Perspectives on Government: A Critical Exploration

4. A Comparative Study of the Ideal State: Plato vs Aristotle

5. Politics and Philosophy: Understanding the Diverse Approaches of Aristotle and Plato in Governance

6. The Evolution of Ancient Greek Political Thought: Contrasting Aristotle and Plato's Notions of Government

7. Plato's Ideal Republic vs Aristotle's Mixed Polity: Evaluating the Merits and Limitations

8. Comparing Plato's Philosopher-Kings and Aristotle's Rule of the Virtuous: An Analysis of Government Models

9. Plato and Aristotle....

Mother's Day: A Cherished Celebration of Maternal Love

Introduction

Mother's Day, an annual event observed worldwide, serves as a heartfelt tribute to the unwavering love, sacrifices, and countless contributions made by mothers in our lives. This essay aims to delve into the profound significance of this special occasion, exploring its origins, traditions, and the enduring impact of mothers on our societies.

Historical Origins

The origins of Mother's Day can be traced back to ancient Greece, where the springtime festival of Rhea, the mother of the gods, was celebrated. In the early 20th century, the modern concept of Mother's Day emerged in the United States....