Ancient Egypt's Economic Growth
Ancient Egypt became renowned as a major export / import region and a major center of trade. Hatshepsut's expedition to Punt as well as Thutmose III's trades for loot in outhwest Asia and the Mediterranean Region caused Egypt to become a highly attractive country amongst its neighbors for much of the Ancient period.

Ancient Egypt had its up and downs with trading during its successive string of Dynasties. Apparently, when the country was most secured under a strong and stable dominion of its own pharaohs, the country showed prosperity and was able to cement friendly dealings with its neighbors and exploit its own wealth for its country's prosperity. Ancient Egypt's decline over and again occurred due to internal, rather than external pressures, where clergy and noblemen became too powerful and caused the royal family to splinter and move in two directions.

History showed that whenever the country was reunited,…...

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Sources

Bagnall, Roger S. & Frier, Bruce W.; The Demography of Roman Egypt, Cambridge University Press, 1994 ?Birch, S. Records of the Past, Series 1, Vol.VIII, Samuel Bagster and Sons, London, 1876, ?Grant, N. Spotlights The Ancient Egyptians. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996

Economy of Ancient Egypt.

Egypt Tour info http://www.egypttourinfo.com/ancient-egypt-blog_files/trade_in_ancient_egypt.htmlhttp://home.earthlink.net/~marond/economy_pink.html.

The ancient Egyptian economy

Ancient Egypt to Present: Costume & Culture
This paper discusses widely various aspects of life in Egypt from ancient times to the present. Ideally, daily life for common citizens as well as life for royalty in Egypt will be compared with the different methods of dress and textiles used for Egyptian peoples. Also, a great deal of focus will be brought onto the culture, laws, and rights of the people. A significant portion of this paper will discuss various items of jewelry, adornments such as headdresses and tattoos; as well as various wigs and hairstyles, along with other methods of body care and treatments.

Although ancient Egyptians had very little variety to the style and type of clothing worn, the exception to this rule was Egyptian royalty (sptimes.com). However, in modern Egypt, since the acceptation of the Muslim faith, a small percentage of women choose to wear the traditional hijab (robe with…...

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Works Cited

Abaza, Mona. "Shifting Landscapes of Fashion in Contemporary Egypt." Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture 11.2/3 (2007): 281-297. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.

Batten, Alicia J. "Clothing and Adornment." Biblical Theology Bulletin 40.3 (2010): 148-159. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.

Chaudhri, S.K., and N.K. Jain. "History of cosmetics." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 3.3 (2009): 164-167. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.

"Egypt: Daily Life." sptimes.com. St. Petersburg Times, 1999. Web. 5 Apr 2011. .

Ancient Art
Two figurines from ancient Egypt illustrate the changes in Egyptian art that occurred between the Second Intermediate Period (1630-1539 BCE) and the Third Intermediate Period (1075-656 BCE). Both pieces, which appear as part of the Smithsonian Institute's Freer Sackler Gallery, are relatively small: the older piece is 16.3 centimeters in height and the younger is only 10.3 centimeters tall. Several features link the two figurines in terms of geographic place of origin, as both depict a female body in a stiff stance, typical of ancient Egyptian art. However, the latter piece, which is an amulet of the leonine goddess Sakhmet, appears far more relaxed than the earlier figurine. The older female figurine, which is not technically classified as an amulet, is almost geometric in its severity: the woman's shoulders are exaggeratedly broad and her long arms form a triangular image with her long and stiff legs. The Sakhmet amulet,…...

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Works Cited

'Amulet of a Goddess, Perhaps Sakhmet." Freer Sackler Galleries of the Smithsonian Institute. Online at .

"Female Figurine." Freer Sackler Galleries of the Smithsonian Institute. Online at .

Ancient Egypt was a long-lasting and at times powerful civilization. Though there were groupings of Egyptians before and after Ancient Egypt, it is generally thought to span the period from circa 3050 BC to circa 332 BC. Describing daily life across approximately 3,000 years would be practically impossible, so the period during the reign of Ramses II, around 1280 BC, is chosen.
Classes and Daily Life in Ancient Egypt

There were basically five classes in Ancient Egypt, excluding slaves and the Pharaoh: farmers, who made up the majority of society and are the most like "Blue Collar" America; artisans and craftsmen, who were a little higher in the social order; nobles, who were basically landowners; priests, physicians, and engineers, who were the second highest class; scribes, religious leaders, and administrators, who were the highest class. Some aspects of Ancient Egyptian life crossed class lines; for example, Egyptians were polytheistic, believing in many…...

Ancient Egypt
Art and music of Ancient Egypt

The music and art of the Egyptians have been an integral part of their society, their culture and their worship systems from the times immemorial. It is apparent that the music of Egyptians existed from the prehistoric period but the evidence of it became preserved in writing just during the historical period also referred to as the pharaonic or dynastic periods after the 3100 BC. The musicians in Egypt took up various positions in the society and music was held in high esteem in various places like the temples, farms, workshops, the tombs and even the battlefields. The religious worship held music very close to the occasion more than any other sector hence there were gods that were associated with music like the Bes and Hathor (Minneapolis Institute of Art, n.d).

There were several categories of musical instruments like the wind, percussion and the stringed…...

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References

Dunn J., (2011). An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Music. Retrieved February 23, 2014 from  http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/music.htm 

Minneapolis Institute of Art, (n.d). The Ancient Egyptian Gods and Symbols. Retrieved February 23, 2014 from http://www.artsconnected.org/uploads/102680/Ancient%20Egyptian%20Gods%20and%20Symbols.pdf

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (2015). The Art of Ancient Egypt. Retrieved February 23, 2014 from  http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.metmuseum.org%2Fresources%2Fmetpublications%2Fpdf%2FThe_Art_of_Ancient_Egypt_A_Resource_for_Educators.pdf&ei=73TtVLieHs_Q7Aauw4HwBQ&usg=AFQjCNHLVbx-w1VJmL14ICHZav5uOwO2cA&sig2=2c7hSE8RYoWYUHRODq-UVw&bvm=bv.86956481,d.ZGU

The most exact data he was able to collect is on the ration of fish available to necropolis workmen in Deir el-Medina. At a certain period a workman was allowed to receive for himself and his family 92 deben (18.5 pounds) of fish every month. Janssen further notes: "There are also references to a similar quantity of vegetables, but since they are throughout measured in 'bundles' of an unknown size, and it is never stated what kind of vegetables are meant, the implications of the figures are uncertain" (166). For other periods or regions, the materials available may be even less.
Not only the amount but also the kind of food given to workers in wages reflected the receivers' social status. hile some workers were paid in fish, others were paid in oil, and they could also be paid in bread, beer, and various fruits and vegetables. Members of higher…...

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Works Cited:

Crawford, Dorothy, J. "Food: Tradition and Change in Hellenistic Egypt." World Archaeology 11.2 (1979): 136-146. JSTOR. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.

Dunn, Jimmy. "Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt." Tour Egypt, n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2011

Gumerman, George. "Food and Complex Societies." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4.2 (1997): 105-139. JSTOR. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.

Janssen, Jac, J. "Prolegomena to the Study of Egypt's Economic History during the New Kingdom." Studien zur Altagyptischen Kultur, Bd. 3 (1975): 127-185. JSTOR. Web. 9. Oct. 2011.

This river provided reliable and predictable water supplies that allowed for agriculture and commercial settlements to develop. Ancient Egyptians learned the flooding of the Nile predictably occurred each year between June and September. They learned to partially control this event by means of irrigation.
The Egyptians would prepare for the annual flooding by safely removing anything of value from the banks of the river and then wait for the waters to recede. The floods brought good rich soil up onto the land good for growing barley and other grains. After the water level went back down they would quickly plant their new crops (Challen, 2005). Animal husbandry was also a key to successful farming. The Egyptians domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys and poultry. Cattle and donkeys were used for pulling plows as well as threshing. Cattle were also used for milk and meat while sheep and goats provided wool, milk,…...

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References

Ashcroft, a. (NDI). The river Nile. The Ancient Egyptians. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from  http://www.theancientegyptians.com/RiverNile.htm 

Challen, P.C. (2005). Life in ancient Egypt. New York: Crabtree Publishing.

Lloyd, a.B. (ed). (2010). A companion to ancient Egypt. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

"Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt" By Zahi Hawas looks at the daily life of the ancient Egyptian woman from the perspective of modern Egypt, but this book also focuses on the average woman.

Joyce Tyldesley's "Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen" is a historical biography and covers only the life of Nefertiti.

A work with a similar title, "ady of Two ands" by Elizabeth Delisi is about Hattie Williams, an artist, who is transported back to the time of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt, a time when women had no rights or power. Hatshepsut persuades her to masquerade as queen and help protect Egypt. The story plays off the true facts of the female pharaoh's reign and the suspected romance between her and Senemut. Ms. Delisi writes an intriguing book, but it is based on loosely woven facts, and the historical accuracy is in doubt.

Five Queens of Ancient Egypt is different from these…...

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Leonard Cottrell is a British author and archaeologist. He was a graduate of King Edward's Grammar School, Birmingham. He was a commentator, writer, and producer for the British Broadcasting Corporation until 1960, when he resigned to devote himself to writing. During World War II he was stationed in the Mediterranean with the Royal Air Force as a war correspondent. Among his many books are The Bull of Minos (1958), The Great Invasion (1958), Realms of Gold (1963), Egypt (1965), and Lost Civilizations (1974).

Book Review

Lady of the Two Lands: Five Queens of Ancient Egypt by Leonard Cottrell

Howard Carter's Discovery Of The Tomb Of Tutankhamen In 1922
For many years, the lives of the ancient Egyptians have been shrouded in mystery to us. Ancient Egypt is a shadowy place of pharaohs, hieroglyphics and strange gods. Today, we come a little closer to unraveling that mystery as we enter the long-sealed tomb of Tutankhamen. Although the tomb may be small, it is rich as a potential source of knowledge. Little is still known about Egyptian funerary rites and when it is opened we can see what types of implements the dead king was equipped with as he was prepared to enter into the next world.

Ancient Egyptian society is a paradox in many ways to us. On one hand, its political system seems very primitive. Kings such as Tutankhamen ruled like gods, although given the boy king's young age, it is likely that the major decisions of his reign were…...

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Reference

Williams, M. (1923). At the Tomb of Tutankhamen. National Geographic. Retrieved from:

 http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1923/05/tut-discovery/williams-text

For the most part, he appears to make the most of the sources of evidence that are existent and available to scholars today to reach his findings regarding aspects of Egyptian communal life. Still, the most convincing aspects of that identity are the external ones that exist in relation to tangible markers of culture. The many illustrations, hieroglyphic text, and analyses of Egyptian architecture allows for some relatively simple conclusions to be drawn regarding concepts of Egyptian religion such as themes of rebirth, death, and the individual roles that gods and goddesses play in such a cycle.
The author appears to be on less stable ground when analyzing ancient Egyptian architecture. For the most part, he makes far too many assumptions and presumptions that are not supported by substantial, factual evidence. This is through no fault of the author himself, as there is a definite lack of such factual evidence…...

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References

Bard, K. (2007). An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.

Brewer, D.J. (2005). Ancient Egypt: Foundations of a Civilization. New York: Longman Pearson.

Brewer. D.J. "The Predynastic Period: Egypt in its Infancy."

Grimal, N. (1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.

Egyptian History
Ancient Egyptian History

Ancient Egypt is one of the very first societies that is taught in most elementary history (or social studies) classes. It has become so familiar, in many ways because it is both the example of how ancient cultures relate to modern ones and how they are unique. Egypt, like any other world power, rose to great heights, but it also sank to devastating lows. This civilization had periods of wealth, as can be seen through its amazing architecture in temples and burial places, but also periods of poverty such as when the country became the vassal of first the Greeks and then the omans. This paper take Mann's IEMP model and examines the periods when this ancient civilization was at its highest points and its lowest.

Mann's IEMP Model

Many methods for examining cultures exist, but very few are as complete as Mann's IEMP Model (1986). It comprises ideological,…...

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References

Bard, K.A. (2008). An introduction to the archeology of Egypt. London: Blackwell Publishing.

Brewer, D.J. (2005). Ancient Egypt: The origins. New York: Pearson Longman.

Kemp, B.J. (2006). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a civilization. New York: Routledge.

Mann, M. (1986). The sources of social power: A history of power from the beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Harem Conspiracy
Of the hundreds of Pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt for three thousand years, only a few are considered truly great and well- remembered (ible History Online 2011, Alchin 2009). The second ruler of the 20th dynasty, Ramesses III, is among these few and was the last to rule. He was born at a time of turbulence in the Mediterranean during the Trojan War, the fall of Mycenae and the massive displacement of people throughout the region that toppled even some empires. His name meant "Re has fashioned him" and his throne name was Usermaatre Meryamun, which meant "Powerful is the justice of Re, beloved of Amun." His father, Ramesses II, was his immediate predecessor Setnakhte. Some Egyptologists believe he originated the 20th dynasty. His mother was Queen Tiy-merenese (Alchin, ible History Online).

Ramesses III had many wives and sons, among them were his successors, Ramesses IV, V and VI (ible…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alchin, LK Ramses III. King Tut, 2009. Retrieved on March 24, 2012 from http://www.king-tut.org.uk/egyptia-pharoahs/ramses-iii.htm

Bible History Online. Ramesses III. Tour Egypt, 2011. Retrieved on March 24, 2012

from  http://www.bible-history.com/links.php?cat=46&sub=3448&cat_name=People+-+Ancient+Egypt&subcat_name=Ramesses+III+ (Usermaatremeryamun)+

Dunn, Jimmy. Ramesses III: Egypt's last great pharaoh. Tour Egypt, 2011. Retrieved on March 24, 2012 from  http://www.bible-history.com/links.php?cat=46&=3448

Sphinx of Ramses IIIntroductionRamses II was the third pharaoh of the 19th dynasty in the new kingdom era. He ruled ancient Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BCE. While Ramses launched war against the Hittites and the Libyans, what he is most known for today is his extensive building programs and the many statues of him in and around Egypt. One of these is the Sphinx of Ramses II.Relevant FeaturesThe Sphinx of Ramses II was carved on a single block of red granite. It was made to look like the body of a lion and the head of a man. The sphinx was an important symbol in ancient Egypt: it signified unity between the royal and the divine, and it suggested that the pharaoh had divine powers to protect. The sphinx represents the combination of human intelligence (the human head) and positive strength and power (the lions body) (Penn Museum, The…...

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Bibliography

Leong, Jeanne. “The Journey From Egypt to Philadelphia of the Penn Museum’s Sphinx.” Penn Today, 2016.  https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/journey-egypt-philadelphia-penn-museum-s-sphinx 

Penn Museum. “Land of the Pharaohs.” Highlights of the Penn Museum’s Egyptian Galleries.

Penn Museum. “The Granite Sphinx of Ramses II.”  https://www.penn.museum/collections/highlights/egyptian/sphinx.php

Ancient Egyptian Attitudes Towards Foreigners
Author Bruce Trigger, a professor of anthropology at McGill University, explains that during the Late Period of Egyptian history foreigners accounted for "a sizeable proportion of the population of Egypt" (Trigger, 1983, 316). Included in the list of foreigners that were living in Egypt (anyone that could not speak Egyptian was considered a foreigner) were "…merchants, mercenaries, travelers, students, allies and conquerors" (Trigger, 316). hat was the Egyptian response to the presence of foreigners? According to the literature researched by Trigger, there was a "complex interplay of prejudice, ideology, pride and self-interest" -- and pride and self-interest were the attitudes that had the biggest influence.

In terms of Egyptian ethnicity and the authenticity therein, Trigger references Herodotus' writings that pointed out every one was Egyptian "…who lived north of Elephantine and drank the waters of the Nile" (316). Further, Herodotus' descriptions of foreigners did not include information…...

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Works Cited

Ancient Egyptian Texts. (2003). The Instruction of Merikare. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/merikare_papyrus.htm.

Poo, Mu-chou. (1999). "Ancient Egyptian Attitudes toward Foreigners," in Politics and Religion in Ancient and medieval Europe and China, Frederick Cheung and Ming-chiu

Lai, Editors. Boston, MA: Brill Publishing.

Pu, Muzhou. (2005). Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes Toward Foreigners in Ancient

Ancient Egyptian Religion
The creation of the world from an Ancient Egyptian perspective

Egyptian tradition relates to the creation of the world as being the result of the universe emerging from an amalgam of chaos and darkness. Before the creation of the world, everything consisted out of dark water that had no form and that could not be described by trying to use concepts that mankind is accustomed to. Egyptian tradition promotes a wide range of stories concerning the moment of creation and with the culture being very complex it is difficult to verify particular accounts. There is a widely accepted form of the story of the creation of the world and by identifying common elements in several accounts one can get a better understanding of Egyptian history.

The idea of Maat is meant to address the order in the universe as an essential concept keeping society together. Maat made it possible for…...

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Works cited:

Allen, J.P. (2005). "The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts." BRILL.

Assman, J. (2001). "The Search for God in Ancient Egypt." Cornell University Press.

Gadalla, M. (2001). "Egyptian Divinities: The All who are the One." Tehuti Research Foundation.

Leeming, D.A. (2010). "Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1." ABC-CLIO.

Cosmetology: A Comprehensive Overview

Cosmetology is the art and science of enhancing the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. It encompasses various treatments and techniques aimed at improving one's overall physical appearance. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of cosmetology, exploring its history, evolution, different branches, and significance in society.

The History of Cosmetology

Cosmetology has its roots in ancient civilizations, where people used natural ingredients like herbs, minerals, and oils to adorn themselves. In ancient Egypt, for example, women applied kohl to their eyes and wore elaborate wigs made from human hair or wool. In ancient Greece, men and women used....

Essay Topics on the Afterlife

The concept of the afterlife has captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring countless philosophical and religious inquiries. Here are some essay topics that delve into this intriguing subject:

Philosophical Explorations:

The Metaphysical Nature of the Afterlife: What philosophical arguments support or refute the existence of an afterlife?
The Immortality of the Soul: Are human souls eternal and destined for life beyond the physical body?
Meaning and Purpose in a World with an Afterlife: How does the belief in an afterlife shape our understanding of life's meaning and significance?

Religious Perspectives:

The Afterlife in Christianity: Explore the Christian doctrine....

Chapter 1: Ancient Civilizations

The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian City-States
The Indus Valley Civilization: Unraveling the Enigma
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Pyramids, Pharaonic Power, and Daily Life
The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: Maritime Masters of the Aegean
The Zhou Dynasty and the Birth of Chinese Civilization

Chapter 2: Classical Civilizations

The Athenian Golden Age: Democracy, Philosophy, and the Arts
The Roman Empire: Conquests, Governance, and the Pax Romana
The Mauryan Empire: From Chandragupta to Ashoka's Legacy
The Hellenistic World: A Syncretic Blend of Greek and Persian Cultures
The Han Dynasty: China's Ascendancy and Technological Innovations

Chapter 3: Medieval Civilizations

The....

Origins and Inspiration of the Flute: A Journey Through Time and Culture

The flute, an enigmatic and captivating instrument, traces its roots back to the primordial depths of human history. Its origins lie in the realm of nature, imbued with the spirit of the wind and the song of birds. The earliest flutes, crafted from hollow reeds or animal bones, were likely born out of a profound connection between humans and the natural world.

Paleolithic Origins:

The earliest known flutes date back to the Paleolithic era, approximately 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. These primitive instruments, discovered in archaeological sites in Germany and Slovenia,....