Literature Review Amphetamine is a stimulant drug mainly used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy (sleeping disorder). Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has classified amphetamine as a schedule II drug, which means that they can be used for medication and has a high potential for abuse (Drug Enforcement Administration, n.d.). Common prescription drugs include Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine. Amphetamine is also used for recreation purposes and popular street names include Crank, Black Beauties, Uppers, Bennies, Ice, and Speed (Drug Enforcement Administration, n.d.).
In 2016, approximately 34.2 million people had used amphetamine and its derivatives - MDMA (ecstasy) and methamphetamine hydrochloride (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2019). Amphetamines are mostly taken orally as capsules or tablets (Tablets can either be crushed or injected). Crystal methamphetamine hydrochloride is smoked or inhaled. Methamphetamine powder dissolves in water and can be injected intravenously (Drug Enforcement Administration, n.d.). Studies indicate that amphetamine addiction is a…...

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References

Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drugs of Abuse. Retrieved from

Massah, O., Effatpanah, M., & Shishehgar, S. (2017). Matrix Model for Methamphetamine Dependence among Iranian Female Methadone Patients: The First Report from the Most Populated Persian Gulf Country. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 15(3), 193-198. doi:10.29252/nrip.irj.15.3.193

Rawson, R. A., Marinelli-Casey, P., Anglin, M. D., Dickow, A., Frazier, Y., & Gallagher, C. (2004). A multi-site comparison of psychosocial approaches for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Addiction, 99(6), 708-717. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00707.x

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). Treatment OF Stimulant Use Disorders: Current Practices and Promising Perspectives. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/drug-prevention-and-treatment/Treatment_of_PSUD_for_print_1X_09.03.19.pdf

https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/sites/getsmartaboutdrugs.com/files/publications/DoA_2017Ed_Updated_6.16.17.pdf#page=50

Consequence and Benefits to Society of the Use, Abuse, Misuse, and Overuse of Amphetamines
Used by the armed forces during World War II and U.S. Air Force pilots today to help them remain alert on long missions as well as in various legitimate medical applications such as treating attention deficit disorder in children, amphetamines have been shown to be a definite benefit to modern society. Conversely, when this drug is abused, misused or overused, the health consequences can be severe, including death. To determine the facts, this paper reviews the relevant literature a brief history of amphetamines, their licit and illicit pathways, and the impact of their use, abuse, misuse and overuse on individuals, families, and society. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning amphetamines and modern society are provided in the conclusion.

Brief History of Amphetamines

Amphetamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1887 by a omanian…...

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References

History of amphetamines. (2015). Amphetamines.com. Retrieved from com/history/.http://amphetamines.

Newton, D.E. (2010). Substance abuse: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.

Nicosia, N. (2010). The economic cost of methamphetamine use in the United States. Rand Corporation.

and, it seems to be getting more dangerous as the years go on. According to the Utah Department of Human Services, a 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) study showed that "PCP mentions in emergency departments increased 28% from 1995 to 2002. There was a 42% increase from the 5,404 mentions in 2000 to 7,648 in 2002."
So why do people use PCP when the risks are so high? According to Landry (1994) "the sought-after effects of PCP intoxication include increased sensitivity to external stimuli, stimulation of mood and behavior, and a sense of intoxication. PCP intoxication invariably involves distortions of sensory perceptions, such as visual distortions, illusions, pseudohallucinations, and hallucinations. PCP intoxication often involves ego boundary distortions, especially a dissociation of the mind from the body and 'out of body' experiences" (p. 103). While this may not sound like much fun to most people, apparently the feelings of disconnection…...

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References

"PCP Use Statistics" (n.d.) Erowid.org. Retrieved from  http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/pcp/pcp_stats.shtml 

Rivers, P. & Shore, E.R. (1997) Substance abuse on campus: A handbook for college and university personnel. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press

"Substance abuse and mental health" (2009) Utah Department of Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.hsdsa.utah.gov/pcpuses.htm

Nutritional Ergogenics
The word "ergogenic" means having a tendency to increase work. In the perspective or setting of sports, this term encompasses processes employed to enhance the production as well as the performance of physiological energy. Nutritional ergogenic aids can be defined as dietary and nutritive supplements that purportedly increase the level of performance beyond the expected levels under normal circumstances and conditions (Coleman). A supplement can be defined to be a substance that is added to the everyday diet of an individual in order to redress the balance of a nutritional deficiency. More often than not athletes anticipate that ergogenic aids will offer them an added or competitive advantage in their events as they uniformly do not aspire to lose. Taking into the consideration the fact that sporting races and competing events are won by small differences and disparity of as little as one hundredth of a second, it is…...

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References

Applegate, L. (2005). Nutritional Ergogenic Aids. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 82 no. 3 710-711.

Coleman, E. (2000). Ergogenic Aids. Retrieved 13 June from:  http://health.csusb.edu/dchen/sports%20nutrition/ergogenic_aids%20chapter.htm 

Dmitry V Zaretsky, Mary Beth Brown, Maria V Zaretskaia, Pamela J. Durant & Daniel E. Rusyniak (2014). The ergogenic effect of amphetamine, Temperature, 1:3, 242-247, DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.987564

Harnish, C. (2015). Caffeine, the Ergogenic Aid. Retrieved 13 June from:  http://www.active.com/nutrition/articles/caffeine-the-ergogenic-aid

Even without any arrest, the officer could conceivably have conducted an external pat-down or Terry search of the subjects' outer garments to detect any weapons under the doctrine of officer safety (Schmalleger, 2008; Zalman, 2008).
However, even a Terry search would not have permitted to officer to further investigate or search any soft lumps or other contents of pockets not indicative of possession of a plausible weapon (Dershowitz, 2002). Furthermore, absent evidence that Terry and Kim were jointly engaged in criminal conduct, even a valid search of Terry pursuant to a valid arrest that yielded a small amount of marijuana in his pocket would not have justified a separate search of Kim (Schmalleger, 2008).

In this case, the search of both subjects was improper because it was conducted incident to an invalid arrest. Therefore, either Kim or Terry may challenge the introduction of any contraband retrieved from their personal possession.

Evidence of…...

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References:

Dershowitz, A. (2002). Shouting Fire: Civil Liberties in a Turbulent Age. New York:

Bantam Books.

Friedman, A. (2005). A History of American Law. New York: Touchstone.

Schmalleger, F. (2008). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

" (1995)
The authors state: "The amphetamines occasioned dose-related increases in d- amphetamine-appropriate responding, whereas hydromorphone did not. Amphetamines also occasioned dose-related increases in reports of the drug being most like "speed," whereas hydromorphone did not. However, both amphetamines and hydromorphone occasioned dose-related increases in reports of drug liking and in three scales of the ARCI. Thus, some self-report measures were well correlated with responding on the drug-appropriate lever and some were not. Lamb and Henningfield (1994) suggest that self-reports are complexly controlled by both the private event and the subject's history of experience with the drug. Some of the self-reports they observed (e.g., feels like speed) are probably occasioned by a relatively narrow range of stimuli because in the subject's experience with drug administration, these reports have been more selectively reinforced by the verbal community relative to other reports (e.g., drug liking). They also suggest that these results imply that…...

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Bibliography

Budney, Alan J. et al. (2006) Clinical Trial of Abstinence-Based Vouchers and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Cannabis Dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006. Vol.. 74 No. 2. 2006 American Psychological Association.

McRae, a.; Budney, a.; & Brady, K. (2002) Treatment of Marijuana Dependence: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 24 (2003)

Pathways of Addiction: Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research (1996) Institute of Medicine (IOM)

Kamon, J; Budney, a. & Stanger, C. (2005)a Contingency Management Intervention for Adolescent Marijuana Abuse and Conduct Problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 44(6):513-521, June 2005.

American Academy Pediatrics publication a critique a media portrayal substance, links made AAP statement material. The password EBook: apusstudent I uploaded rest material.
American Academy of Pediatrics' Policy Statement concerning media portrayal of substance abuse touches upon several important issues that arise along with the media products' influence on America's young population at large. The article's targeted list of open-access channels associated with messages of noxious substance use include advertisements, television shows, motion pictures, social websites and music. Attention is directed specifically towards the findings of broadly conducted research in the matter of harm inflicted on children and adolescents as a result of the entertainment industry's depictions of legal and illegal substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and heroin. Based on these findings, Pediatrics proposes a set of familial, institutional and legislative measures designed to minimize or abolish the destructive influence that media effects on a child's and teenager's development…...

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References

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2010, October). Policy Statement -- Children, Adolescents, Substance Abuse and the Media. Pediatrics, Vol. 126, No. 4, pp. 791-799.

Levinthal, C.F. (2012). Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society, Seventh Edition. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Macdonald, A. (Producer), & Boyle, D. (Director). (1996). Trainspotting [Motion picture]. United Kingdom: Channel Four Films.

Roberts, D.F. et al. (1999). Substance Use in Popular Movies and Music. Office of National Drug Control Policy, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (U.S.). Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov

Neuropharmacology & the Military
It is hard to argue with the basic premise -- the U.S. military exists to promote, by means of force or by means of deterrence backed by the threat of force -- American interests. In military situations, winning is the most important thing, and all other factors are secondary. This has always been true of military endeavors, and that has not changed today. Given that, the U.S. military seeks to be the world's best military. It is the best-funded, and it is the largest. It is also the most technologically-advanced. Where on one side of the technology ledger, the U.S. military is looking at robotics as the next innovation in combat, it is also examining the role that neuropharmacology can provide with respect to its human members, especially combatants. The United States military has a keen interest in neuropharmacology and the effects that it can have on…...

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References

Farah, M., Smith, M., Ilieva, I. & Hamilton, R. (2014). Cognitive enhancement. Wires. Vol. 5 (2014) 95-103.

Forlini, C. (2013). Should physicians prescribe cognitive enhancers to healthy people? Academia.edu. Retrieved April 16, 2015 from  http://www.academia.edu/2534780/Should_physicians_prescribe_cognitive_enhancers_to_healthy_individuals 

Giordano, J. & Wurzman, R. (2011). Neurotechnologies as weapons in national intelligence and defense -- an overview. Synesis. Vol. 2011, T55-T71.

Ilieva, I., Boland, J. & Farah, M. (2012). Objective and subjective cognitive enhancing effects of mixed amphetamine salts in healthy people. Neuropharmacology. Retrieved April 16, 2015 from  http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~mfarah/pdfs/MAS%20enhancement.pdf

Fortunately, no NC responders have been killed, but around the country every year several first responders are injured or die from job-related exposures to these labs" (efilmgroup, 2009).
The fire department seems to be at the forefront of the risk in many cases, because a significant number of the clan labs are called in as explosions or fires. In other words, often the fire service doesn't know exactly what they are getting into. Calls may report medical aid is needed, or that someone is injured, a structure fire, trash fire, or investigation is required of some suspicious "smoke," a strange odor, or someone dumping illegally, and on. And the actual mix of whatever it really is could be fatally toxic to someone -- like the fire service or police -- who first encounters it. These chemicals are mixes of: acetone, methanol, benzene, ether, hydriodic acid, muriatic acid, sodium hydroxide, and…...

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Bibliography

Clandestine drug laboratories. (1997, June). Retrieved December 5, 2009, from phoenix.gov:   efilmgroup. (2009). Meth labs - a to z hazard for emergency responders. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from efilmgroup.com: http://www.efilmgroup.com/AtoZ.htmlhttp://www.phoenix.gov/fire/20407.pdf 

IAFF. (2009). The methamphetamine problem: A health and safety overview for firefighters. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from International association of firefighters (IAFF):  http://www.iaff.org/HS/Resi/Methamphetamine%20final.htm 

IDEM. (n.d.). Indiana department of environmental management (IDEM):Cleanup illegal drug labs. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from in.gov (Indiana):  http://www.in.gov/idem/4178.htm 

Peterson, D. (n.d.). Hazardous materials - clandestine drug labs. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from State of Minnesota (from Firehouse.com):   / the/meth/lab/dpeterson.pdfhttp://www.health.state.mn.us/divs 

Ecstasy Use by Adolescents in Miami-Dade County, FL
Ecstasy, also known as MDMA, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, has become popular as a club drug and at techno dance events, such as raves, trance scenes and private parties. Many who attend raves and trances do not use drugs, but those who do, may be attracted to their generally low cost and to the intoxicating highs that are said to deepen the rave or trance experience ("NIDA," 2004). It has gained the reputation as a "hug drug" promoting empathy, relaxation, and sexuality. Studies indicate an increase in abuse of this drug, especially among adolescents and/or teenagers. It is a human-made drug that acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. It is taken orally, in the form of a capsule or a tablet. It has short-term effects including feelings of mental stimulation, emotional warmth, enhanced sensory perception, and increased physical energy.

Health effects can include, but not…...

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References

Chassin, L., Pitts, S.C., DeLucia, C., Todd, M. (1999). A longitudinal study of children of alcoholics: Predicting young adult substance use disorders, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, pp.106-119

Director's report of the national advisory council on drug abuse. (1999). National

Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from  http://drugabuse.gov/DirReports 

Drug facts. (2004). Office of National Drug Control Policy. Retrieved April 21, 2005

Interdisciplinary Methods
One weakness of obert G.L. Waite's classic work of psychobiography and psychohistory, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler (1993) is that no written evidence exists today from any psychologist or psychiatrist who actually examined Hitler, although his political opponents in Germany allegedly had reports from military psychiatrists in the First World War that Hitler was no promoted above private first class because of mental and emotional instability. In spite of the lacunae of evidence, Waite offered a convincing medical and psychological portrait of Hitler, and he has gathered considerable evidence to demonstrate the irrationality of his subject, who he diagnosed as a borderline psychotic. George Victor asserted in Hitler: The Pathology of Evil (2007) claimed that he had a depressive nervous breakdown in 1909 and a schizophrenic breakdown in 1918, when he was in the Pasewalk military hospital in Berlin. In A First-ate Madness, Nassir Ghaemi found that Hitler suffered…...

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REFERENCES

Ghaemi, N. (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links between Leadership and Mental Illness. Penguin Press.

Housden, M. (2000). Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary? Routledge.

Kershaw, I. (2008). Hitler: A Biography. NY: Norton.

Rosenbaum, R. (1998). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. NY: HarperCollins.

Volume 2 Case Number 21 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects clients across the lifespan, although it is more common in children. Data from the Center for Diseases Prevention and Control (CDC) indicates that approximately 6.1 million children in the US had ADHD in 2016 (CDC, 2019). In some cases, however, ADHD is not detected early and progresses into adulthood, where it affects an individual’s ability to run a household, maintain employment, and care for children. The presenting client is a 30-year old female diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), poly-substance abuse, and long-standing schizoaffective bipolar-type disorder. The client reports involvement in criminal activity, impulsiveness, hallucinations, difficulty managing anger, persecutory ideation, poor academic performance, and self-mutilatory behavior. This text seeks to develop an individualized treatment plan for the client with co-occurring ADHD and PTSD.
Questions to Ask the Client
Clinical interviews are crucial for effective treatment. A fundamental question to ask the client…...

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References

APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Association.

ADDA (2015). Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Symptom Checklist Instructions. Attention Deficit Disorder Association. Retrieved from  

CDC (2019). Data and Statistics about ADHD. Center for Diseases Prevention and Control (CDC). Retrieved from  https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html 

CMS (2016). Stimulant and Related Medications: US Food and Drug Administration – Approved Indications and Dosages for Use in Adults. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved from  https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-Education/Pharmacy-Education-Materials/Downloads/stim-adult-dosingchart11-14.pdf 

Dalgaard, S., Kvist, A., Leckman, F. J., Nielsen, H., & Simonsen, M. (2014). Cardiovascular Safety of Stimulants in Children with Attention –Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Nationwide Perspective Cohort Study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24(6), 302-10.

Kolar, D., Keller, A., Golfinopoulos, M., Cumyn, L., Syer, C., & Hechtman, L. (2008). Treatment of Adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(2), 389-403.

Smucker, W., & Hedayat, M. (2001). Evaluation and Treatment of ADHD. American Family Physician, 64(5), 817-30.

https://add.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/adhd-questionnaire-ASRS111.pdf 

Drug Profile
Drug addiction is a human issue that cultivates biological, psychological, and social consequences, among others. The manifestation of addiction itself is characterized by physical dependence, and is defined by the uncontrollable, compulsive urge to seek and use drugs despite harmful repercussions (Fernandez, odriguez & Villa, 2011). Philologically, drug use affects the reward center, where dopamine receptors are over-stimulated. Ultimately, the repetition of drug use is encouraged to achieve the same, heightened, pleasure response (U.S. DHHS, 2007). Psychological responses to drug use may reflect motivations caused by positive pleasure, anxiety, or protection. The bodily effects of drugs often reflect the drug's class: stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogen, and cannabis. Each class represents various drugs and causes distinct biochemical responses. In addition to illicit drugs, prescription drugs are also highly abused and are categorized within the drug classes. Drug addiction does not discriminate between gender, race, sexual orientation or creed, and its…...

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References

Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services (CDMHAS). (n.d.). Drugs with addictive potential. Retrieved 08 March 2012 from:  http://www.ctclearinghouse.org/topics/customer-files/Drugs-with-Addictive-Potential-071105.pdf 

Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. (2009). Psychology: A journey. (1st ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Fernandez, G., Rodriguez, O., & Villa, R. (2011). Neuropsychology and drug addiction. Papeles del Psicologo, 32(2), 159-165.

Hyman, S., & Malenka, R. (2001). Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Neuroscience, 2, 695-703.

Substance-Related Disorders
A "drug" is any substance, other than food, that affects our bodies or minds. Since not all drugs are bad, the book uses "substance" to clarify the issue. Substance abuse can cause temporary or long-term problems for the abuser. Dependence, tolerance or addiction can develop.

Depressants: slow the central nervous system (CNS) down. Alcohol is a CNS depressant.

Alcohol: nearly 6% of the U.S. population are heavy drinkers, some as young as 11. Men outnumber women 3:1. Ethyl alcohol is quickly absorbed in stomach and intestine. First it depresses the areas of the brain that control judgments and curbs on behavior. Next, motor control is affected. Alcohol can also interfere with both vision and hearing. As the liver metabolizes the alcohol, the blood levels drop and function gradually returns. Patterns of alcoholism vary among socio-cultural groups and by age. Alcoholism can destroy family life, sink a career, and if the person…...

drug-Related terms such as tolerance, withdrawal, rebound, physical and psychological dependence.
Tolerance

Tolerance is a form of physical dependence on a drug. It occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a drug and the nerve cells chemically and structurally counteract the drug's psychoactive effects. As a result, the drug abuser requires ever-increasing amounts of it to achieve the same physical and psychological effects. This condition is worsened when certain drugs are used at high doses for long periods (weeks or months), and may lead to more frequent use of the drug. Drug addicts often have to increase the dose to experience the same level of euphoria or "high" that they experience initially. ("Drug Dependence," Encarta)

ithdrawal

hen drug addicts stop the use of a drug too quickly, they may suffer from physical discomfort which is known as "drug withdrawal." Drug withdrawal is frequently characterized by nausea, headaches, restlessness, sweating, and difficulty in sleeping.…...

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Works Cited

"Dependence." Drugscope. 2002. November 22, 2004.

"Drug Dependence." Article in Encyclopedia Encarta, 2003

Perkinson, Dr. Robert R. "Drugs of Abuse." 2003. November 22, 2004.

Withdrawal symptom of heroin is also known as "cold turkey"

Drug Trafficking in Italy: A Complex and Evolving Problem

Introduction

Italy, located at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Sea, has long been a strategic transit route for drug trafficking from producing countries to consumer markets in Northern Europe and beyond. In recent years, the country has faced significant challenges in combating drug trafficking, with organized crime groups playing a major role in the illicit trade. This essay will explore the current state of drug trafficking in Italy, examining its impact on society, the efforts of law enforcement to combat it, and the need for comprehensive strategies to address this complex problem.

The Role....

Brainstorming Thesis Statements on ADHD

- Neurobiological Basis of ADHD:
- ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, primarily due to dysregulation within the brain's frontal lobe and neurotransmitter systems.
- Genetic and Environmental Influences on ADHD:
- Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of ADHD, with heritability estimates ranging from 70-90% and environmental influences including prenatal exposures, psychosocial stressors, and family dynamics.
- Diagnosis and Assessment of ADHD:
- Accurate diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive evaluation involving medical history, behavioral observations, and standardized assessment tools to differentiate it from other developmental conditions.
-....

1. The Transformation of Walter White: Breaking Bad
2. Morality and Consequences in Breaking Bad
3. Addiction and Power in Breaking Bad
4. The Complexity of Character Development in Breaking Bad
5. Breaking Bad: A Study in Ethical Dilemmas
6. The Psychological Impact of Breaking Bad
7. Breaking Bad and the American Dream
8. The Role of Family in Breaking Bad
9. Gender and Representation in Breaking Bad
10. Breaking Bad: A Critique of Capitalism and Corruption
11. The title "Breaking Bad" also highlights the idea of breaking free from societal norms and expectations. Walter White, a mild-mannered high school chemistry teacher, decides to break bad and enter the world....