American Democracy
Voter Turnout in 1988 American Presidential Election:

Democracy is for the people and by the people and it can be successful if people participate effectively in electing their representatives. In 1988, presidential elections were held in United States of America. Statistics shows that voter turnout for this presidential election was very low. Voter turnout was as low as 50.1%. In spite of an increasing trend of voter turnouts in the presidential election of 1948 and in the presidential elections of 1960, the voter turn out in 1988 decreased sharply to merely half of the population that are eligible for casting votes. The turnout was below the American presidential elections standard. Most of eligible candidates who did not cast their votes were supporters of Dukakis. If these people had cast their votes the situation would have been different for 1988 elections. It can also be said that 1988 presidential elections results…...

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References

Bardes, B.A., Shelley, M.C., II, & Schmidt, S.W. (2012). American Government and Politics Today. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Franklin, M.N. (2004). Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies Since 1945. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Janda, K., Berry, J.M., Goldman, J., & Hula, K.W. (2012). The Challenge of Democracy. Australia; Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Polsby, N.W., Wildavsky, A., & Schier, S.E. (2012). Presidential Elections: Strategies and Structures of American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Given the very nature of colonialism and imperialism, it is doubtful that the Europeans would have wanted to give any credit to the Native Americans for their contributions to the development of democracy in the United States. As Johansen points out, the settlers in the Northeast must have gleaned some information about how Enlightenment principles can be put into practice. However, the indigenous peoples of North America were incredibly diverse, as were the settlers and their settlement patterns. Influences of Native Americans on Europeans varied, and in many cases the interactions were totally unlike the ones described by Johansen.

Although Johansen overestimates the influence of the Iroquois Confederacy government and social structure on the development of democracy in the United States, the role of Native Americans in the development of the United States should not be discounted. The very fact that Europeans encountered diverse indigenous peoples became a major factor in…...

American Democracy
American political democracy had its roots and evolved from small closely-knit communities. The Town meetings were the means of securing communal ends. The much debated electoral college in the last Presidential election and the local school system are reminders that the "public" once operated primarily in highly localized and manageable situations. People had real power, as it is the essence of democracy, they could meet to discuses and resolve issues effecting the entire community. But the technological advancement, the industry and economics forces have broadened human associations beyond local community boundary lines. The new technologies of communications and travel has brought people closer in a way, which has gone beyond the normal community interactions and are more complicated. Political and legal measures have lagged far behind technological forces and Americans are thrown together in a variety of associations over which they have no control. The two most prominent American…...

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References

Gordon L. Ziniewicz Summary of John Dewey's "The Eclipse of the Public" in The Public and Its Problems  http://www.fred.net/tzaka/deweypub.html 

Place for Us: How To Make Society Civil and Democracy Strong by Benjamin Barber Reviewed by Jerry Kloby  http://www.montclair.edu/pages/ics/Barber.htm

"
Thus, the members of the Convention assumed that, although power was a necessary evil, it was also dangerous, especially when provided to the wrong person who might take advantage of this power for his own gain. In essence, the members attempted to compose a constitution that would insure effective power for the government when needed but that would also place reliable checks and safeguards on the use of that power. Once again, this aim can be traced back to Montesquieu's essay in which he states "to prevent the abuse of power, 'tis necessary that by the very disposition of things (that) power should be checked... " (Leone 37).

ut the members were also much too experienced in the ways of politics to take for granted that conscientious and moral men would always be elected to office. To them, human nature was universally fallible and only built-in safeguards could be counted on.…...

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Bibliography

Barzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 1500 to the Present. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.

The Constitution: An Enduring Document." U.S. Constitution: Drafting the Constitution. Internet. 2005. Accessed February 6, 2005.  http://www.usconstitution.com/DraftingtheConstitution.htm .

Leone, Bruno, Ed. The American Revolution: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1992.

founding documents American democracy determine democratic concepts principles manifested early writings. For Application Assignment, asked shift thoughts current scholarly writings democratic governance.
The idea of democracy has experienced much change during recent decades and this is reflected by the attitudes that democratic governments put across with regard to the masses. Numerous scholars in the contemporary society have addressed this concept in an attempt to provide the world with a more complex understanding of how it influences people's lives in the present.

Devesh Kapur and Moises Naim's journal article "The IMF and Democratic Governance" relates to how institutions like the International Monetary Fund play an important role in shaping the way that governments apply democratic principles. This article presents research meant to address the way that financial institutions affect today's society through the set of legislations they impose. The fact that it provides substantial information with the purpose of backing ideas that…...

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Works cited:

Brownlee, J., Masoud, T., Reynolds, A., Brown, N. "Tracking the "Arab Spring," Journal of Democracy, October 2013, Volume 24, Number 4

Franck, T.M. "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance." The American Journal of International Law Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 46-91

Kapur, D. & Naim. M. "The IMF and Democratic Governance." Journal of Democracy Volume 16, Number 1, January 2005 pp. 89-102

American Democracy
A nation wherein the masses elect representatives to the government, thus ensuring the law is shaped by public opinion (so long as this opinion is Constitutional) is considered a republic. This was the aim of America's Founding Fathers. Democracy closely resembles a epublic; however, a key point of distinction between the two is the representatives. The founders were worried about citizens' criticism that they were assuming too much control themselves and hence, there was a need to prove to citizens that it wasn't the President, but the law, that governed the nation. Following the very ineffective attempt at enforcing the Articles of Confederation, the founders ultimately found success with the Constitution -- American history's most famous text -- which ensured federal power was limited to only matters included within the Constitution. Without the Constitution, the U.S. would be an absolute democracy with all citizens doing whatever they felt was…...

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References

Adams, J. O. (2008). Why Our Founders Feared a Democracy. Retrieved from American Traditions:  http://www.americantraditions.org/Articles/Why%20Our%20Founders%20Feared%20a%20Democracy.htm 

Appelbaum, Y. (2015, October). America's Fragile Constitution. Retrieved from The Atlantic:  http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/our-fragile-constitution/403237/ 

Pease, H. (2010, June 25). The Founding Fathers Rejected Democracy. Retrieved from Liberty Under fire:  http://libertyunderfire.org/2010/06/the-founding-fathers-rejected-democracy/ 

Wandrei, K. (2016). What Features of the U.S. Constitution Had Distrust of a Democracy? Retrieved from Synonym:  http://classroom.synonym.com/features-constitution-distrust-democracy-20581.html

Interest Groups and the MediaToday, American voters enjoy access to a veritable cornucopia of information about anything, including most especially the high-profile political events that have characterized life in the United States in recent years. Indeed, the combination of mainstream media outlets such as radio, television and the Internet together with opposing views from fringe media resources that espouse extremist views of all ilk have contributed to a flood of information that makes it challenging for the average voter to know what to believe. Moreover, American voters, like people everywhere, are creatures of habit so when they find a media resource they like and trust, they will likely avoid viewing other media sources, particularly those that disagree with them. This tendency can create an echo chamber that resonates the same beliefs time and again without regard for any underlying factuality (Weeks et al., 2019).As a result, far too many Americans…...

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ReferencesAmerican Government, 1st ed. (n.d.). OpenStax. Retrieved from   amgov/.Weeks, B. E., Kim, D. H., Hahn, L. B., Diehl, T. H., & Kwak, N. (2019). Hostile Media Perceptions in the Age of Social Media: Following Politicians, Emotions, and Perceptions of Media Bias. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 63(3), 374–392.https://textbooks.whatcom.edu/ 

The quest for primacy is likely to lead to the formation of adversarial alliances and greater distrust of American intentions, endangering international stability and peace. In the domestic sphere, quest for primacy will lead to greater abuse of power and the expansion of the military, threatening the health of American democracy. Democracy may be eroded and the U.S. economy may be drained before advocates of American primacy may achieve their dream of American primacy.
orks Cited

Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow. Essence of Decision: Explaining Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman, 1999.

Bacevich, Andrew. The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by ar. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Blainey, Geoffrey. The Causes of ar. New York: Free Press, 1973.

Jervis, Robert. "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma," orld Politics 30.2 (1978): 167-214. JSTOR. eb 14 Oct. 2011.

Jervis, Robert. System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Print.

Levy,…...

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Works Cited

Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow. Essence of Decision: Explaining Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman, 1999.

Bacevich, Andrew. The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Blainey, Geoffrey. The Causes of War. New York: Free Press, 1973.

Jervis, Robert. "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma," World Politics 30.2 (1978): 167-214. JSTOR. Web 14 Oct. 2011.

Democracy, Culture and the Voice of Poetry
At some point, all of us must have asked ourselves: Does poetry still have a place in the contemporary democratic society? Other questions arise from here of course: Does poetry play different roles in the different democracies? What is the difference between the role poetry plays in the American society and the role it plays in the European one? And from here on it may start the debate.

In the book, Democracy, Culture and the Voice of Poetry, by Robert Pinsky, we may find some answers to these questions.

Robert Pinsky starts in the first chapter "Culture" considering the "voice of poetry"..."within the culture of American democracy." He remarks that the human society fears the most often since its early ages from the important things: the uniformisation, by globalization, centralization, loss of diversity and the possibility of disappearing from the collective memory. An American poet says…...

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Bibliography

1. Pinsky, Robert, Democracy, Culture and the Voice of Poetry, Princeton University Press; (September 3, 2002)

Pinsky, Robert, Democracy, Culture and the Voice of Poetry, Princeton University Press; (September 3, 2002), pg.2 ibid, pg. 6 ibid, pg. 13

American National Character (history)
The Ongoing Search for an "American National Character"

This assignment asks the following pertinent and challenging questions: Is it possible to find trends amongst so much diversity? What characteristics are distinctly American, regardless of class, race, and background? What is problematic about making these generalizations and inheriting the culture? What have we inherited exactly? What problems arise with our ideals - and are we being honest with ourselves? Discuss individualism and the "American Dream." Are these goals realized and are they realistic? This paper seeks solid answers to these often elusive questions.

The search for a national character should be never-ending, and the pivotal part of the search that should be enlightening and enriching for the seeker of that knowledge may just be the inspiration from the books and authors springing into the seeker's mind along the way to discovery.

Who is presently engaged in a search for the national…...

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References

Bellah, Robert. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life.

New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

Cochran, Thomas Childs. Challenges to American Values: Society, Business, and Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

McElroy's thesis serves to isolate America from Europe, intellectually, in its development, and affirms America's sense of being a special nation in relation to the rest of the world. The vastness of the American wilderness, and its wide-open spaces that gave rise to the need for self-reliance also helps explain why modern European social welfare state institutions, like socialized medicine and generous pension plans, often meet with resistance in an America that is still in love with the ideal of individualism and hard work. Even in today's discussion regarding the status of illegal immigrants, on both sides of the debate, the willingness of desperate people to work for a mere pittance at jobs that Americans find too hard or poorly paying is often seen as admirable, rather than tragic, because hard work is so valued in American society.

McElroy's focus on the colonial period on of American history, however, neglects to…...

The contact between the two groups is not always straight forward, and is often fought officially, through judicial practices, and unofficially, through dubious backstage arrangements and activities. However, there is also a legal manner through which interest groups have been given the right to influence political decisions and the laws voted upon. Lobbying is one such activity.

Although lobbyists are the subject of heated debate, as many citizens consider them to be just "wheeler-dealers continually wining and dining public officials in order to secure political favors at the expense of the general public" (Volkomer 282), their main function is to supply "information about their specialized interests to a few select public officials, communicating with members and others who are concerned with their problem" (283). However their role is rather interpretable. On the one hand, they represent the interests of a certain segment of the population, such as farmers, or railway workers.…...

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Bibliography

Janda, Kenneth, Jeffrey Berry, and Jerry Goldman. The challenge of democracy: government in America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.

Jewell Malcolm E, and David M. Olson. American state political parties and elections. Homewoo: The Dorsey Press, 1982.

Volkomer, Walter E.. American government. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,1972.

American Constitution: A living, evolving document -- from guaranteeing the right to enslavement in the 18th century to modifications in favor of freedom in the 19th century
Constitution today protects the rights of all in its language, but this was not always the case in its text and spirit. As a political tactic as well as out of personal conviction and experience, Frederick Douglass' characterization of the American Constitution as an anti-slavery document is certainly an admirable piece of rhetoric. Douglass stated that although the America he spoke to at the time of his autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom, was a nation divided between free and slave states and territories, fundamentally America was and "is in its letter and spirit, an anti-slavery instrument, demanding the abolition of slavery as a condition of its own existence" (396)

Slavery, Douglass stated, deprives an individual of his or her dignity, deprives an individual…...

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Works Cited

Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom. Available in full text online at   new2?id=DouMybo.sgm& images=images/modeng& data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed& tag=public& part=6& division=div2[29 Jan 2005].http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer 

Lincoln, Abraham. "First Inaugural Address: Monday, March 4, 1861." From Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S.G.P.O.: for sale by the Supt. Of Docs, U.S.G.P.O., 1989. Bartleby.com, 2001. www.bartleby.com/124/. [29 Jan 2005].

Madison, James. "Federalist No. 10." The Federalist Papers. Available in full text online (  [29 Jan 2005].http://www.thisnation.com/library/books/federalist/10.html )

"The United States Constitution." Available in full text online   [29 Jan 2005].http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Constitution.html .

external factors, including socio-economic or demographic ones, shape political systems and institutions. he latter are flexible to adapt to the changes in the external factors and to their impact, often in violent ways that translate into revolutions, such as the French Revolution. From this larger perspective on things, urner focuses on the external factors that have shaped the American democracy and the U.S. political institutions.
For urner, the key element in the evolution of America as a democratic state is the frontier and the frontier regions. urner looks back even before the Declaration of Independence, with examples of frontier regions in Virginia. he key element of the frontier region, with impact on the development of democratic institutions, appears to be the absolute freedom of small landholders, dominated by an entrepreneurial and adventure spirit, aiming to discover, own and develop. his was true both for existing settlers and for new immigrant…...

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The first characteristic of the frontier spirit is the entrepreneurship, the ability to commit to risk for a future profit. This has been successfully appropriated from the frontier spirit and is now functional in the economic and business area. People are no longer colonizing the Far West, but are investing resources to innovate, to create new businesses, produce jobs and apply their knowledge to new products and services.

Second, I believe that despite the fact that the material forces which gave rise to it were removed, democracy and democracy ideals in the United States will continue, because the frontier spirit was only a part of what makes up this democratic ideal. I believe that a large part of this ideal and of the entire democratic framework has also come from 250 years of democratic development. The opening of the Far West was ended by 1890, but democracy has continued to evolve and develop throughout the 20th century, in a very successful way, including here the civil rights movement.

It is also important to emphasize the role of all the immigrants coming to the U.S. with their own ideals of freedom and democracy and being able to successfully contribute to the democratic framework. Since this trend will likely continue in the future as well, it is improbable that the democratic ideals will disappear any time soon, nor that this dynamic that encourages a continuous development of democracy, will ever stop.

America: A nation of paradoxes
America is a nation of paradoxes. On one hand, it is a nation that has symbolized freedom to many immigrants, as poignantly illustrated in Emma Lazarus' poem "The New Colossus," a poem included on the famed Statue of Liberty that greeted so many refugees as they strove to escape from Europe and avoid intolerable situations. The Lazarus poem proclaims the dawning a new America, free of class restrictions, which can offer prosperity even to the poorest new arrival. Yet federal policies in regards to African-Americans and Native Americans have been marked by injustice and prejudice. The American Dream of egalitarianism exists next to an ugly strain of racism that has run through the thread of American history since its inception.

Emma Lazarus' poem is perhaps the most explicit, famous rendition of the American dream: "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp... / Give me your tired, your poor,…...

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Works Cited

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. "Unguarded Gates." 1895. Print.

Hawk, Walter Echo. In the Courts of the Conqueror. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum, 2010.

Hirschman, Charles. "Immigration and the American century." Demography (pre-2011) 42.4

(2005): 595-620. ABI/Inform Complete. Web. 19 Sep. 2014.

Topic 1: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Election

Analyze the ways in which the pandemic affected the election campaign, voter turnout, and the overall results.
Discuss the role of technology in facilitating remote campaigning and voter registration during a public health crisis.
Examine the implications of the pandemic for future elections and the challenges it poses to democratic processes.

Topic 2: The Role of Social Media in the Election

Evaluate the impact of social media platforms on the spread of information, voter engagement, and the dissemination of misinformation.
Analyze the effectiveness of social media campaigns by both candidates....

Comprehensive Titles for an Essay on the 2020 Presidential Election

1. The 2020 Presidential Election: A Tale of Two Americas

2. 2020: The Polarization Paradox: The Most Divisive Election in Modern History

3. The Trump-Biden Rivalry: A Battle for the Soul of America in the Time of COVID

4. The Aftermath of 2020: The Enduring Impact of a Polarizing Election

5. Unprecedented Challenges and Surprising Outcomes: The Unconventional Road to the 2020 Presidency

6. From Trump to Biden: A Shift in American Politics and the Rise of the Resistance

7. The Rise of Social Media and the Weaponization of Misinformation in the 2020 Election

8. The Electoral College....

Title 1: The Impending Presidential Election of 2024: A Watershed Moment in American Politics

Essay Topic:

Analyze the significance of the upcoming 2024 presidential election for American politics. Discuss the key issues and candidates likely to shape the race, the potential impact on the political landscape, and the implications for the future of the nation.

Title 2: The Role of the Media in the 2024 Presidential Election: A Double-Edged Sword

Essay Topic:

Examine the complex role of the media in the 2024 presidential election. Discuss how the media can both inform and misinform voters, influence the political discourse, and impact the outcome of the race.....

1. The Long Road to Enfranchisement: The Suffrage Movement and the Fight for Women's Political Equality

2. Breaking Silences, Shattering Barriers: The Women's Suffrage Movement as a Catalyst for Social Transformation

3. The Rise and Impact of the Suffragettes: Female Resistance and the Demand for Representation

4. The Intersectional Struggle: Women of Color and the Fight for Suffrage

5. From Protest to Politics: The Suffrage Movement and the Emergence of Women's Political Leadership

6. The Power of the Ballot: Women's Suffrage and the Transformation of American Democracy

7. Unveiling the Hidden Figures: Unsung Heroines of the Suffrage Movement

8. The Enduring Legacy of Women's Suffrage: Impacts on....