Algorithm is a computable set of steps arranged thus in order to achieve a certain end. There are various algorithms used in bioinformatics and not all are necessarily deterministic. Some are in fact known as randomized algorithms that incorporate randomness.
Classification of algorithms in Bioinformatics

Classification by purpose

Each algorithm has a goal. The Quick Sort algorithm for instance sorts data in ascending or descending order, but algorithms in bioinformatics are grouped by their particular purpose.

Classification by implementation

An algorithm has different fundamental principles:

ecursive or iterative

This is common for programming that is used in bioinformatics and is iterative or repetitive until it has found its match. It goes in a loop. Usually used for functional programming, it uses repetitive constructs and is best used for problems such as the towers of Hanoi problem which is imbued with recursive implementation and therefore has these iterative equivalents. An example is the following retrieved from Horton (2004):

Table…...

mla

References

An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms  http://www.cs.uga.edu/~cai/courses/compbio/2008fall/bookchapters/Chapter08/Ch08_GraphsDNAseq.pdf 

Bioinformatic Online. Bioinformatics Algorithms

http://www.bioinformaticsonline.com/algorithms.php

Horton RM (2004) Bioinformatics Algorithm Demonstrations

Visual Basic Programming and Algorithm
Solution to Chapter 5 Exercise

Code of Net Pay Project

' Purpose: To display Net Pay

' Programmer: on

Public Class Form1

Private Sub-Label1_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Label1.Click

End Sub

Private Sub-Form1_Load (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

End Sub

Private Sub-Label2_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Label2.Click

End Sub

Private Sub-Button1_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

End Sub

Private Sub-TextBox3_TextChanged (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles TextBox3.TextChanged

End Sub

Private Sub-Label3_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Label3.Click

End Sub

End Class

Solution to Chapter 5 Exercise 5

Code of Net Pay Project

' Purpose: To display total cellular ordered ' Programmer: on

Public Class Form1

Private Sub-Form1_Load (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

End Sub

Private Sub-TextBox2_TextChanged (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)

End Sub

Private Sub-Button4_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As…...

mla

Reference

Zak, D. (2014). Clearly Visual Basic: Programming with Microsoft Visual Basic 2012 (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Course Technology

Other data structures such as self-balancing binary search tree generally operate slightly more slowly and are rather more complex to implement than hash tables but maintain a sorted data structures at all times.
Advantages

Hash table can provide constant-time lookup on average, regardless of the number of items in the table.

Compared to other associative array data structures, hash tables are most useful when a large number of records of data are to be stored.

The hash table size is unlimited (or limited only by available storage space). In this case no need to expand the table and recreate a hash function.

Disadvantages

It's difficult (not efficient) to print all elements in hash table.

It's not efficient to find minimum element or maximum element.

The hash table has fixed size. At some point all the elements in the array will be filled. The only alternative at that point is to expand the table, which means modify the…...

mla

References

Augenstein Moshe J., Yedidyah, Langsam, and Aaron Tenenbaum. "Introduction to Data

Structures." Data Structures using C. And C++. United State of America: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996.22-24.

Carlson, David. "Hash Tables." Saint Vincent College. 2004. Saint Vincent College. 6 July 2005  http://cis.stvincent.edu/swd/hash/hash.html .

Main, Michael, and Walter Savitch. "Trees." Data Structures and Others Objects using C++.

Algorithm and Visual Basic Programming
Jerry Feingold is the owners of a small restaurant who intends to develop a program that will assist him calculating the total amount used to tip a waiter at the restaurant. The program is designed to deduct any liquor charge from the overall total bill, followed by calculating the tip by using a percentage of the remainder. Finally, the program should be designed to display the tip output on the screen. Moreover, the paper desk checks the solution of the algorithms using $20 as the charge of liquor, $85 as the total bill, and 20% for the tip percentage. Finally, the paper desk-checks the program using $35 for the total bill, 15% as the tip percentage and $0 for the liquor charge.

Explanation of the Solution

The first solution to the problem is to display the input and output of the scenario, algorithm, and desk check to ensure…...

mla

Reference

Zak, D. (2013). Clearly Visual Basic Programming with Microsoft Visual Basic 2012. (Third Edition). Cengage Learning

Algorithms and Visual Basic Programming
Exercise

Algorithms

Output: gross pay

Input: hours worked

Algorithm:

enter number of hours worked if hours worked 0 ? 40, then calculate the gross pay ( hours *

display the gross pay otherwise, display an error message end if

If hours worked are not accept the new hour worked is between 40 and 60 hours

Display gross message

Otherwise display error message

Interface

Code

Public Class Form

Private Sub-Form1_Load (sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

calculates and displays gross pay

Const dblATE As Double = 8.35

Dim dblHours As Double

Dim dblGross As Double

Double.TryParse (txtHours.Text, dblHours)

' calculate and display gross pay ' or display an error message

If dblHours >= 40 AndAlso dblHours...

mla

Reference

Zak, D. (2013). Clearly Visual Basic: Programming with Microsoft Visual Basic 2012. Cengage Learning

Security and Cryptographic Algorithms
Well before the advent of readily available digital computing technology, the ability to craft encrypted messages through the use of complex codes and ciphers, was highly prized by the governmental apparatus and the private sector alike. From the codes messages passed furtively throughout the courts of medieval Europe, to the infamous Enigma cipher machine which protected Nazi secrets in World War II, the concept of cryptography is nearly as old as the written word itself. Today, the field of information technology has developed to the point that even the most sophisticated encryption methods are vulnerable, and for those working as information security officers, shielding a company's invaluable data through the use of encryption has become an essential skill. Modern encryption methods rely on much of the same techniques used throughout history, with human readable plaintext being transformed into an unreadable format known as ciphertext upon transmission…...

mla

References

Layton, T.P. (2007). Information security: Design, implementation, measurement, and compliance. (6 ed.). New York, NY: CRC Press.

Peltier, T.R., Peltier, J., & Blackley, J.A. (2005). Information security fundamentals. New York, NY: CRC Press.

RSA Public-Key Algorithm
As cited in Kaufman, Perlman & Speciner the security features inherent to an RSA public-key algorithm depends on the difficulty that an attacker has in factoring very large, preferably prime numbers. One specific example of an RSA might be as follows: "Step 1: Choose two very large primes" usually by using random number generation, such as "simple e.g., P=47, Q=71 and set N = P*Q = 3337 and M = (P-1)*(Q-1) = 3220. Step 2:Choose E. relatively prime to M, e.g. E=79 Set D = E^-1 (mod M) = 79^-1 (mod 3220) = 1019. Step 3: Public key is (N, E) = (3337, 79). Step 4:Private key is (N, D) = (3337, 1019). Step 5:To encrypt n, C = cipher = n^E (mod N) = n^79 mode 3337." (Newman, 1997)

Finding the large primes p and q is usually done by testing random numbers of the right size with…...

mla

Works Cited

Kaufman, Perlman & Speciner. (2002). Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chapter 6.

Newman, Joy. (1997) "RSA." Retrieved on June 21, 2004 at http://pandonia.canberra.edu.au/ClientServer/week3/security.sgml-063.html

Pfleeger, C.P. (1997). Security in Computing. Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sections 2.7 & 2.8.

Wordiq. (2004) "RSA." Retrieved on June 21, 2004 at  http://www.wordiq.com/definition/RSA#Speed

Solving the 1D Bin Packing Problem Using a Parallel Genetic Algorithm: A Benchmark Test
The past few decades have witnessed the introduction in a wide range of technological innovations that have had an enormous impact on consumers, businesses and governmental agencies. Computer-based applications in particular have been key in facilitating the delivery of a wide range of services and information, and computer processing speeds have consistently increased incrementally. Computer processing speeds, though, have a natural limit, with electricity being unable to travel faster than the speed of light. Therefore, even the optimal processing speeds attainable in the future will remain constrained in this regard, but there are some alternative approaches to computer processing that can further increase the functionality of computers, including parallel computing and genetic algorithms which are discussed further below.

Parallel Computing

In computing, the term "parallelism" is used to describe a system's architecture, in other words, "The organization and interconnection…...

mla

References

Anderson-Cook, C.M. (2005). Practical genetic algorithms. Journal of the American Statistical

Association, 100(471), 1099.

Benkler, Y. (2004). Sharing nicely: On shareable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic production. Yale Law Journal, 114(2), 273-274.

Blacklight. (2010, October 11). Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. Retrieved from http://www.

Future Considerations

The most recent developments are focused on pattern matching where not only are issues such as string and alpha numerals sought for and matched, but also more complicated patterns such as trees, graphs, arrays, and point sets.

The objective, here, is to find non-trivial properties and then from these perform closely matching combinatorial patterns. Much research is being performed on this, and the area has progressed from being simply algorithmic in content to one that has become complex with significant applications. Applications are being extended to fields that include molecular biology and genetic engineering, as well as information retrieval, pattern recognition, biometric authentication (such as speech and speaker recognition, feature recognition, and so forth), program compilation, data compression, program analysis, and system security.

Summary and Conclusions

String-searching algorithms are used for matching words, patterns, and concepts from string to text. In order to be as effective as possible, various patterns have been…...

mla

References

Book Rags String-Matching Algorithms. http://www.bookrags.com/research/string-matching-algorithms-wcs/

Boyer, R.S., & Moore, J.S. (1977). A fast string searching algorithm, Carom. ACM, 20, 262 -- 272.

Cormen, T.H. et al. (2002). Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, 2001. Chapter 32: String Matching, pp.906 -- 932.

Karp, R. & Rabin, M.O. (1987). Efficient randomized pattern-matching algorithms. 31. http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/312/ibmrd3102P.pdf.

At this stage, an abstract format or generic classification for the data can be developed. Thus we can see how data are organized and where improvements are possible. Structural relationships within data can be revealed by such detailed analysis.
The final deliverable will be the search time trial results, and the conclusions drawn with respect to the optimum algorithm designs. A definitive direction for the development of future design work is considered a desirable outcome.

Quality assurance will be implemented through systematic review of the experimental procedures and analysis of the test results. Achieving the goals stated at the delivery dates, performance of the tests, and successful completion of the project as determined by the committee members will provide quality assurance to the research outcomes.

CHAPTE 2

Background and a eview of Literature

Data Clustering is a technique employed for the purpose of analyzing statistical data sets. Clustering is the classification of objects with…...

mla

References

Black, P. 2005. 'Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures'. National institute of standards and technology web site. [online]   Aug 2005]http://www.nist.gov/dads/ [25

Cutting, D.R., Karger, D.R., Pedersen, J.O., and Tukey, J.W. 1992, 'Scatter/Gather: A Cluster-based Approach to Browsing Large Document Collections., Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference, June 1992, p. 318-329.

Jensen, E.C., Beitzel, S.M., Pilotto, A.J., Goharian, N., and Frieder, O. 2002. Parallelizing the buckshot algorithm for efficient document clustering. Information Retreival Laboratory, Illinois Institue of Technology, Chicago, IL.

Dhillon, I., Fan, J., and Guan, Y. 2001. 'Efficient Clustering of Very Large Document Collections', Data Mining for Scientific and Engineering Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Justice and EthicsOne of the longstanding problems with regard to decision-making is that it is often biased. That is, individual decisions may be influenced by personal factors such as race, gender, or socio-economic status. This can lead to unfair outcomes, as those with privilege are more likely to have their preferences realized. Algorithmic decision-making offers the potential to overcome these biases, as the algorithms used are not subject to the same personal factors.However, it is important to note that algorithms are created by humans, and as such they may be subject to the same biases. In addition, algorithms may contain data that is itself biased. As a result, algorithmic decision-making is not a cure-all for the problem of bias, but it perhaps can offer the potential for significant improvement. Still, there will always be a need to control for bias.Thanks to developments in artificial intelligence technology in recent years, there…...

mla

Works CitedAnna Maria Barry-Jester, Ben Casselman and Dana Goldstein,“The New Science of Sentencing\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"   The Marshall Project, Aug. 4, 2015https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/08/04/the-new-science-of-sentencing .

Heuristic Decision Making
Heuristics are useful cognitive processes, unconscious or conscious, that ignore some of the information. ecause the utilization of heuristics do not involve so much effort, the classical perspective has been that, decisions made from such processes, result in greater errors than do "rational" decisions that are based on statistical or logical models. However, numerous decisions do not meet rational model assumptions, and it is often an empirical issue rather than a priori one on how well heuristics function in our uncertain world (Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier, 2011). Proper application of cognitive heuristics is definitely vital for day-to-day survival. One would exhaust himself mentally and achieve very little if every judgment he or she made was a full-scale reflective decision. As humans, we get through the routine parts of our day-to-day living by making quick, involuntary reactive judgments (heuristic thinking). We rely on these kinds of snap judgments because (a)…...

mla

Bibliography

"Snap Judgments -- Risks and Benefits of Heuristic Thinking." (n.d.). Facione & Gittens.

Gigerenzer, G., & Gaissmaier, W. (2011). Heuristic decision making. NCBI, 451-82.

Retrieved from NCBI.

Gigerenzer, G., & Gaissmaier, W. (2011). Heuristic Decision Making. Annua Review of Psychology, 451-482.

graphics design. Several years ago, I fell in love with the world of computers and was highly fascinated by the potent power that it possessed. I realized however that I was missing a certain satisfaction in my work with the computers. Naturally, I have always adored the concept of art and design. The idea of doing my design using the computer was therefore exhilarating. It came to my attention that I had been missing a particular experience. Holding a piece of paper, and seeing the transformation that comes out of its original and basic size and shape, moving objects around, holding them up and overall acquiring a totally new vantage point as far as the work of design is concerned. I therefore began again to use my hands in executing my designs and employing the computer more often as tool to realizing my basic objective of perfect design work.…...

mla

Bibliography

Michael Friendly (2008). Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization.

R.Stuart, F (2001) Practical Algorithms for 3D Computer Graphics. Massachusetts:A.K Peters Press

An agent-based state engine also alleviates the need for frequent database queries and the use of time-consuming pointers that drastically drag down ms access times and erase any optimization gains from first defining the network. The antnet agent-based engine only on exception writes back to a database and instead keeps its own table-based approach to mapping the network while synchronizing the key elements suggested for inclusion to antnet agents within this section.
Taxonomy creation algorithms and shared intelligence approaches to ensuring all ants have perfect knowledge of the network's structure (taxonomy). This is critical as antnet routing needs to include the ability not just map, but learn specific networks' characteristics and either equate the network structure and behavior to previously-learned models, or quickly create one through a series of network definition routines that scope, classify and optimize the network structure.

Support for Directed Diffusion data elements. Included within an antnet agent…...

The reward for the effort of learning is access to a vocabulary that is shared by a very large population across all industries globally" (p. 214). Moreover, according to Bell, because UML is a language rather than a methodology, practitioners who are familiar with UML can join a project at any point from anywhere in the world and become productive right away. Therefore, Web applications that are built using UML provide a useful approach to helping professionals gain access to the information they need when they need it.
Overview of the Study

This paper used a five-chapter format to achieve the above-stated research purpose. Chapter one of the study was used to introduce the topic under consideration, provide a statement of the problem, the purpose of the study and its importance of the study. Chapter two of the study provides a review of the related peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning search…...

mla

Reference:

Domain Specifications

Specification Name:

Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM)

Description:

I. Introduction:
A. Define Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its relevance in healthcare.
B. Provide a brief overview of the history of AI in healthcare.
C. Thesis statement: The impact of AI on healthcare and its potential to revolutionize the industry.

II. AI in Healthcare Today:
A. Diagnosis and Medical Imaging:
1. Explain AI's role in analyzing medical images and assisting healthcare professionals in diagnosing various diseases and conditions.
2. Discuss specific examples of AI systems used in medical imaging, such as deep learning algorithms for cancer detection and image-based diagnosis tools.

B. Clinical Decision Support Systems:
1. Describe how AI-powered clinical....

1. The use of genetic engineering in creating designer babies
2. The ethics of animal testing in scientific research
3. The impact of social media on privacy and ethical boundaries
4. The ethical implications of artificial intelligence and automation in the workforce
5. The ethical considerations of data mining and surveillance in the digital age
6. The ethical responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies in pricing and distributing life-saving medications
7. The ethics of factory farming and its impact on animal welfare and the environment
8. The ethical dilemmas surrounding end-of-life care and physician-assisted suicide
9. The ethical implications of technology companies manipulating user data for profit
10. The ethical considerations....

Topic 1: The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Workplace

Key Issues:
The potential for AI to automate jobs and displace human workers, leading to unemployment and economic insecurity.
AI's impact on workplace privacy and surveillance, with AI-powered monitoring systems potentially infringing on workers' rights.
The need for ethical guidelines and regulations governing the development and use of AI in the workplace, to ensure fairness and protect workers' rights.

Topic 2: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Human Enhancement

Key Issues:
The potential benefits of genetic engineering, such as curing diseases, improving cognitive abilities, and extending lifespan.
The ethical....

I. Introduction
A. Importance of technology in the courtroom
B. Historical evolution of courtroom technology
C. Thesis statement: Courtroom technology has revolutionized the legal system, improving efficiency, accuracy, and access to justice.

II. Efficiency Enhancements
A. Electronic Case Management Systems (ECMS)
1. Paperless filing and storage
2. Streamlined docket management
3. Automated reminders and notifications
B. Real-Time Transcription and Recording
1. Instantaneous transcription of proceedings
2. Increased accuracy and completeness of records
3. Time-saving and efficiency gains
C. Audiovisual Aids
1. Multimedia presentations and demonstrations
2. Enlarged exhibits and documents
3. Enhanced understanding and engagement of jurors

III. Improved Accuracy
A. Digital....