Introduction
Infrastructure assets, although very beneficial to society are often marred with high profiled accidents and deaths. Industry segments such as trucking, rail transportation, and ocean shipping have all experienced very high profile and deadly accidents. Although the statistics indicate the many of these activities are safe, occasionally accidents occur that can adverse consequents for not only the company, but the industry overall. The airline industry is not except for this criticism either. The airline industry is particularly fraught with oversight primarily due its importance global economy. The airline not only transports goods around the world but also individuals. These individuals are often helpless in the event of a malfunction or a serios lapse in protocols. As the September 11th, terrorist attacks illustrated, airlines can also be the target of extremist’s groups looking to harm the United States. From a national security perspective, airline also ship mission critical information, goods and…...

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References:

1. Cederholm, T., 2014. Competition In Airline Industry. [online] Marketrealist.com. Available at: (Accessed 8-December-2020).

2. International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2015. FX Impacts On Airlines. [online] Available at: (Accessed 8-December-2020).

3. Pearce, B., 2013. IATA Airlines Worldwide : The Value They Create And The Challenges They Face. [online] iata.org. Available at: (Accessed 8-December-2020).

4. Szyliowicz, J. S. (2004). Aviation Security: Promise or Reality? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 27(1), 47-63

5. Tamasi, G., & Demichela, M. (2011). Risk assessment techniques for civil aviation security. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 96(8), 892-899.

Emirates Airline
Emirate egulating Authority in home nation

Governmental agency empowered to regulate the economic aspects of airline

Extent to which the Emirate airline's fleet consists of owned vs. leased aircraft.

Union epresentation of airline's pilots and maintenance personnel

F. UAE Labor Law that takes care of Unionism

Emirate Airline is governed by and administrated according to the rules and regulations and the administration of the General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) in the UAE and was established by a decree of the Federal Cabinet of the country.

The strategic role of the GCAA includes creating and sustaining a culture that promotes compliance with safety and security requirements, improvement in the safety, efficiency and the service standards of ANS and the engagement with other regional and international organizations.

The major duties of the GCAA include the formation of a general policy for the civil aviation sector and the proposal of relevant laws and regulations, rule regarding landing and departing…...

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References

Emiratesgroupcareers.com,. (2016). Employee Benefits -- Global Opportunities -- Explore our Careers -- Emirates Group Careers Centre. Retrieved 24 February 2016, from  http://www.emiratesgroupcareers.com/english/careers_overview/opportunities/emp_benefits.aspx 

Gallant, M., & Pounder, J. (2008). The employment of female nationals in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Education, Business & Society, 1(1), 26-33.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17537980810861493 

Gcaa.gov.ae,. (2016). Aviation Safety Affairs Sector. Retrieved 24 February 2016, from  https://www.gcaa.gov.ae/en/Departments/AS/Pages/default.aspx 

Gcaa.gov.ae,. (2016). GCAA Strategic Objectives. Retrieved 24 February 2016, from  https://www.gcaa.gov.ae/en/AboutGCAA/Pages/StrategicObjectives.aspx

Abstract In the contemporary world, the aviation industry has experienced a great deal of changes and transformations in the legal, ethical and business realm. One of the prevailing contentious issues is the impact of the Brexit in the industry. A declaration has been made that from the start of 2019, the UK will be considered a third country and for that reason EU aviation rules and regulations will stop being applicable in the United Kingdom. This means UK airline carriers will not be given access to air transport agreements between the EU and third countries. Similarly, airline carriers EU will stop having any airline traffic rights to, from and past the UK. It is palpable that there will be considerable trade-off between national autonomy and the accessibility to the single aviation market of the European Union. However, the magnitude of this aspect remains to be seen in the future.
Introduction
The patterns of…...

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References

Centre for Aviation. (2016). Brexit and aviation Part 1: Open Pandora\\'s box and anything can happen. But status quo is likely. Retrieved from:

Centre for Aviation. (2016). Brexit up in the air: implications for aviation as the UK votes to leave the European Union. Retrieved from: https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/brexit-up-in-the-air-implications-for-aviation-if-the-uk-votes-to-leave-the-european-union-262860

Deloitte. (2017). The UK aviation and travel sector: Why does Brexit Matter? Retrieved from: www2.deloitte.com

Dentons. (2017). Brexit and the aviation industry Up in the air?

Emerson, R. W. (2015). Business law (6th ed.). Hauppage, NY: Barron’s Educational Series.

Federal Regulations, Ethics, and the legal System.

Ford, J. (2017). UK must accept its post-Brexit status as a third country. Financial Times. Retrieved from: https://www.ft.com/content/3f88d134-6a20-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa

Gerrard, G. (2017). What will Brexit mean for the UK airline industry? The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/03/22/will-brexit-mean-uk-airline-industry/https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/brexit-and-aviation-part-1-open-pandoras-box-and-anything-can-happen-but-status-quo-is-likely-288477

By the turn of the century, though, these low-costs carriers had become profitable or at least had significantly reduced their losses due in large part to concomitant increases by major carriers that were increasing their prices in response to decreasing yields and higher energy prices (Doganis 2001).
By and large, passenger traffic across the board increased significantly prior to September 11, 2001 and all signs indicated it was continue to increase for the foreseeable future. For example, according to Janda, Flouris and Oum (2005), global air passenger traffic increased from 1.573 trillion revenue-passenger-kilometers (RPK) in 1985 to 3.394 trillion in 2000, representing a 116% increase during this decade-and-a-half period, or an average annual compounded growth of 5.26%. Furthermore, between 1985 and 2000, air freight traffic grew at even faster rate than passenger traffic (Janda et al. 2005). These authors also emphasize airlines are directly affected by the larger economy in…...

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Network." 2010, October 7 Canada NewsWire Group. [online]. available:

SERVQUAL Method: Airline Industry Use
The objective of this study is to examine use of the SERVQUAL method in the airline industry. This work will examine five articles on use of SERVQUAL.

The work of ozorgi (2007) entitled "Measuring Service Quality in the Airline Using SERVQUAL Model (Case of IAA)" reports that competition in the airline industry is constantly growing and that airline companies should pay close "attention to their competitors." (p.1) ozorgi notes that it is important as well for airlines to "understand their customers." (2007, p.1) The work of Nyeck, Morales, Ladhari, and Pons (2002) entitled "10 Years of Service Quality Measurement: Reviewing the Use of the SERVQUAL Instrument" reports that research on service marketing has traditionally focused primarily on the "analysis of service quality." (p.101) Additionally stated is that there are researchers in this discipline that "emphasize the explanation of the perceived quality by using the SERVQUAL dimensions, reproducing,…...

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Bibliography

Bozorgi, MM (2006) Measuring Service Quality in the Airline Using SERVQUAL Model (Case of IAA). Retrieved from:  http://epubl.ltu.se/1653-0187/2007/046/LTU-PB-EX-07046-SE.pdf 

Gilbert, D. And Wong, R. (2002) Passenger expectations and airline services: a Hong Kong-based study. Tourism Management 24 (2003) 519 -- 532. Retrieved from:  http://myweb.ncku.edu.tw/~cfchen99/2006-18-18passenger%20expectations%20and%20airline%20services-%20a%20Hong%20kong%20based%20study.pdf 

Huang, YK et al. (2009) The Effect of Airline Service Quality on Passengers' Behavioural Intentions Using SERVQUAL Scores: A TAIWAN Case Study. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.8, 2009. Retrieved from:  http://www.easts.info/publications/journal_proceedings/journal2010/100133.pdf 

Nyeck, S.; Morales, M.; Ladhari, R.; and Pons, F. (2002) 10 YEARS OF SERVICE QUALITY MEASUREMENT: REVIEWING THE USE OF THE SERVQUAL INSTRUMENT* Ano 7, n." 13, diciembre de 2002. Retrieved from:  http://www.esan.edu.pe/paginas/pdf/NyeckMorales.pdf

POST-9/11 Management OF U.S. AILINE INDUSTY
Strategic Management of the United States

Airline Industry after the 9/11/2001 Terrorist Attacks

Strategic Management of the United States

Airline Industry after the 9/11/2001 Terrorist Attacks

Airlines in the United States have a long, complicated history in terms of management strategy that includes alterations due to technological advances, bankruptcies, economic downturns, deregulation and even presidential intervention, but none of these forces had the power to both destroy and restructure the industry like the events of September 11, 2001.

The 9/11/01 attacks on the United States fundamentally altered the way the U.S. airline industry operated both publically and internally. One area that suffered significantly from these attacks, and brought about the need for major overhaul within the industry itself was strategic management strategies and practices within the airline industry in its entirety. The 9/11 attacks on America brought about the need for immediate change in these strategies, but the turnover from…...

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References

Allvine, F., Dixit, A, Sheth, J., and Uslay. (2007). Deregulation and competition: lessons learned from the airline industry. Print. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Alvesson, S. And Karreman, D. (2009). Critical performativity: the unfinished business of critical management studies. Human Relations, 62.4. pp. 537-560. Web. Retrieved from: ProQuest Database.

Belobaba, P. (2002). The airline industry since 9/11: overview of recovery and challenges ahead. MIT Global Airline Industry Quarterly. March 2002:1. pp. 1-11. Web. Retrieved from: EBSCOhost Database.

Besant, C. (2002 September 1). Chaos followed 9/11 in the aviation industry. Turnaround Management Association Journal of Corporate Renewal, 12:1. pp. 1-3. Web. Retrieved from: LexisNexis Database.

A lower price enables an airline to remain well above the competition.
Economies of scale and scope are vital to the performance of an organization no matter the industry the organization is involved in. An organization can only remain competitive if driven to achieve economies of scale (Bronson & Morgan, 1998). Tactics an organization may adopt to achieve economies of scale and scope will include optimal market coverage, increasing sizes, superior "internal growth" and raised capital (Bronson & Morgan, 1998). Another important consideration for organizations include efficiency. One might define efficiency as "the ratio of inputs to outputs" (Bronson & Morgan, 1998).

Efficiency of an organization may be measured in various ways including by observation through accounting (Bronson & Morgan, 1998). An organization particularly a franchised business location will continually measure efficiency to ensure they are minimizing costs and saving time to help facilitate economies of scale and scope.

Tactics Businesses Use…...

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References

Acumen Professional Intelligence Ltd. (2005). "Business Environment - British Airways." Acumen Enterprise, 31, October 2005:

http://www.acumenenterprise.com/Business/Business_Environment_British_Airways_L18237/

British Airways, (2005). "Global Warming and Aviation." 31, Oct 2005:

 http://www.britishairways.com/travel/crglobalwarm/public/en_gb

It is important that human resources within the airline devise strategies to minimize the possible negative effects that union relations may have on the workforce.
There are several issues that have impacted the airline industry as a whole, and present implications for the human resources challenges discussed thus far. The first of these issues is a drastically changing workforce demographic within the airline industry. In particular the workforce is aging. Establishments in the air transportation industry have a significantly higher proportion of employees in the 45 to 54 and 55 to 64-year-old age ranges than other industries (Wallace & Gonzalez, 2005). Specifically, employees in the 45 to 54-year-old age group comprise approximately 35% of the whole workforce (Wallace & Gonzalez, 2005). On the contrary, workers in the 14 to 24-year-old category comprise only 4% of the workforce (Wallace & Gonzalez, 2005).

This issue presents human resources challenges with regards to employee…...

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References

Appelbaum, S.H., Fewster, B.M. (2004). Human resource management strategy in the global airline industry -- a focus on organizational development. Business Briefing: Aviation Strategies, 70-5.

CNN (2004). Outsourcing has yet to really penetrate the travel industry. Local Needs and travel infrastructure tends to require local people on the ground. CNN.com Retrieved 6/13/07 from  http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/12/23/bt.outsource.airlines/index.html .

Grassi, D.M. (2005). Outsourcing airline safety may prove costly. MichNews.com.

Pratt, M.K. (2002). Contingent employees raise host of benefit questions. Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 6/13/07 from  http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2002/04/08 .

The demand for their services underwent a period of diminishment, because of the strong emotional impact that the events had upon the population living all over the world and especially in the United States of America. Despite various negative forecasts, the airline industry got back on track soon afterwards. Not only did the demand not fall, but it underwent significant increases.
Another element which could affect the functioning of the airline industry in a negative manner is represented by the concerns for the environment. Leaving aside the issue represented by the phonic pollution, aspects such as global warning may become an important concern for the airline industry should the issue gain a high importance on the public and political agendas. So far, however, the issue did not manage to influence people's choices regarding travelling by airplane, regardless of the attempts made in this directions by various politicians. (Pickard, 2006)

How the…...

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Bibliography

Gopwani, J. (2007, April 26). NWA, flight attendants reach deal. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Freep.com Detroit Free Press Web site:  http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070426/Business05/70426029/0/ENT03 

Mankiw, N.G. (2004). Principles of economics (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: Thomson South-Western.

McCabe, R.M., PhD. (n.d.). Airline Industry Key Success Factors. The ability for airlines to succeed today is measured according to several key success factors. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Pepperdine University Web site:  http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/064/airlines.html 

Muskin, J.B., & Sorrentino, J.A. (February 1977). Externalities in a Regulated Industry: The Aircraft Noise Problem. The American Economic Review, 67 (1), 347-350. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from JSTOR Web site: ( http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282 (197702)67%3A1%3C347%3AEIARIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4

Similarly, this could influence the international airline community. Then, a stable economy is highly dependent upon a stable oil price, which once again is not the case. "The environment will continue to become more competitive as the LCC's continue to become more convenient. Business fares will continue to drop. Leisure fares won't raise much until capacity is generally in line with demand, which won't occur until much of the capacity overhand has been employed either by surviving legacy carriers or LCC."
To the customer, the continuing of this trend will generate no benefits. "In other words, we're stuck with the current system, because it isn't really in any airline's interest to try to change it. As long as no airline makes a dedicated effort to distinguish itself from the pack, all the airlines can stay lean, even at the expense of quality."

eferences

Surowiecki, J., the Unfriendly Skies, the New Yorker, 2007

Jankins,…...

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References

Surowiecki, J., the Unfriendly Skies, the New Yorker, 2007

Jankins, D., Overview of the Domestic Airline Industry, the George Washington University Aviation Institute, www.speea.org/news/files/layoffs/pcfinancials.pptRetrieved on February 13, 2008

Airlines face fiscal problems due to war, the Daily Michigan, September 1, 2003

Quick MBA, Porter's Five Forces - a Model for Industry Analysis, 1999-2007,   Retrieved on February 13, 2008http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/porter.shtml .

Innovation
The airline industry is a service industry, but one where several firms have been able to innovate their service offering. Such innovations have been to create viable low-cost carriers (RyanAir, EasyJet, Air Asia) while other innovations have led to the creation of high-service airlines (Emirates, Qatar, Singapore). In either case the process of innovation has been roughly the same for all of these companies. The first component of the map is searching. All of these companies searched for niches that were either not being served at all (such as price-focused customers in Europe and Asia) or were not being served effectively (passengers traveling on routes between Europe and Asia).

Of the six airlines mentioned above, only Singapore is a legacy carrier. The others have entered their markets in the few couple of decades, and brought with them a number of critical service innovations. After identifying a core market whose needs were…...

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Works Cited:

Phong, G. (2011). Building on strong. IATA -- Airlines International. Retrieved November 5, 2012 from  http://www.iata.org/pressroom/airlines-international/april-2011/pages/ceo-singapore.aspx 

Tidd, J. And Bessant, J. (2009). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change 4th Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.

U.S. Airline Industry
AIRLINE INDUSTRY

Structure of the Industry

Deregulation Act of 1978

US Airline Industry During the 1980s

US Airline Industry During the 1990s

The Next Decade for the U.S. Airline Industry

Post 9/11

ankruptcy

Issue of Fuel

Hurricane Katrina

Future for the Global Airline Industry

Airline Industry worldwide in general and United States in particular has played a central role in stirring the growth of the world economy. With USA appearing on the world map as one of the most developed nations in the world, it's Airline Industry and its growth and now its current travails provide us with interesting insights and a case study as to how an industry can grow tremendously supported by government actions as well as market forces and then major external factors mainly political and economic can affect the progress of overall industry.

Sources

The research is conducted mainly from the websites.

CONCLUSION

The U.S. Airline Industry initially thrived with Government backing and later on with deregulations in place;…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hunter, M. (2004). Bumpy ride expected for airline industry in 2005. Retrieved on Sep 28, 20045 from:

 http://www.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/ADVISOR/12/10/airline.forecast/ 

Mecia, T. (2005) Inside the Issue: The Future of U.S. Airways. Retrieved on Sep 28, 2005 from:

siteSection=3http://www.airportbusiness.com/article/article.jsp?id=3574&

g. Lufthansa); partners with Blackberry and Yahoo for in flight conveniences.
Early aggressive additions to fleet and service did, as analysts predicted, negatively impact the company.

Company will need to carefully evaluate routes, new service, new equipment, and new technology in order to maintain growth potential.

Management

Fairly stable and industry respected; replaced CEO in May 2007.

Needed a new managerial focus after 2004.

Optimistic, keep tight rein on overly aggressive expansion.

Human esources

Jet Blue University, compensates better than most airlines, rewards loyalty for service

Unsuccessful attempt at unionizing

Ensure mission is translated to consumers; empower local employees to make better decisions so clients are not left sitting on tarmac.

Market Share

Huge and rapid growth spurt in early 21st century

Became a model for other carriers; major carriers copied model and took away share

Continued energy and fiscal focus on consumers and next generation of airline ideas.

Marketing Focus

Focus on consumer; what can be different about Jet Blue, but still cover costs?

May have…...

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REFERENCES

Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act, Public Law 107-42. (2001, September 22). Retrieved October 2010, from Office of Transportation - U.S. Government: http://ostpxweb.ost.dot.gov/aviation/Data/stabilizationact.pdf

Jet Blue Press Release - Names Dave Barger President and CEO. (2007, May 10). Retrieved October 2010, from JetBlue.com: http://investor.jetblue.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=131045&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=998672&highlight=))

Air Travel Report: Dip in Delays, Spike in Complaints. (2010, October 12). Retrieved October 2010, from CNN Travel:  http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/10/12/air.travel.consumer.report 

Jet Blue Shareholder Information. (2010, October 12). Retrieved October 2010, from Jet Blue:  http://investor.jetblue.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=131045&p=irol-irhome

S. Air hub in Phoenix is nearby the Delta hub in Salt Lake City. Typically, airlines seeking out acquisition targets seek to fill voids in hub locations rather than select airlines with lots of hubs close to their own. For example, critics of the .S. Air offer state that nited would have been a far better suitor for Delta because of the synergies between nited's tran-Pacific routes and international networking and Delta's Atlantic and Latin American routes. And, critics believe that .S. Airlines should have targeted bankrupt Northwest as an acquisition target rather than Delta. Most experts expect nited to make a counter bid for Delta
The need for mergers in the airlines industry is compelling and combing airlines can have many synergies. But, has .S. Airways selected the right company to merge with? The answer appears to be no. Being number one does not necessary guarantee being profitable. There are…...

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US Airways Bids $8 Billion for Delta." The New York Times 15 Nov. 2006. Retrieved from Web site:  http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/business/15cnd-delta.html?ei=5088&en=a63b326c5606fc28&ex=1321246800&adxnnl=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1164136047-uG899hrCso+gtPp1Ap10pw 

Isidore, Chris. "U.S. Air Makes $8 Billion Bid for Delta." CNNMoney.com 15 Nov. 2006. Retrieved from Web site:  http://money.cnn.com/2006/11/15/news/companies/us_airways_delta/index.htm?eref=rss_topstories 

US Airways Makes Hostile Offer for Delta." ABC News 15 Nov. 2006. Retrieved from Web site:  http://www.abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=2654543&page=4

This comes after a period of lowering the interest rates to curtail the post-2001 recession that was particularly detrimental to the economic performance of the airline industry. The rate of interest affects consumer's disposable income, and as consumers find it more expensive to borrow money, they are less likely to have disposable income to expend upon leisure-based trips, thus meaning discount rather than full-price fares further cut into industry profits. The price of air travel, as noted by the U.S. Board of Transportation, has continued to decline for consumers, while the price of fuel and other inputs into the transportation industry has increased for the industry, meaning that the Federal Reserve actions, if interest rates continue to increase, will not help the airline industry.
orks Cited

Henry Fund Research. (14 Apr 2005) Publication of the University of Iowa Henry B. Tippie School of Management. Retrieved 2 Sept 2005 at http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/henry/2005%20Reports/Airlines.pdf

hite House…...

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Works Cited

Henry Fund Research. (14 Apr 2005) Publication of the University of Iowa Henry B. Tippie School of Management. Retrieved 2 Sept 2005 at  http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/henry/2005%20Reports/Airlines.pdf 

White House Economic Statistics Briefing Room: Transportation." (2005) Publication of the United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2 Sept 2005 at  http://www.bts.gov/publications/white_house_economic_statistics_briefing_room/april_2005/pdf/entire.pdf

....

Customer-Centricity: The Southwest Way

Southwest Airlines stands out as a beacon of customer-centricity in the often turbulent skies of the airline industry. With its unwavering commitment to providing an exceptional travel experience, Southwest has consistently differentiated itself from its major airline competitors, capturing the hearts and loyalty of air travelers. Let's explore the key attributes that set Southwest Airlines apart from the pack:

1. Transparency and Simplicity:

Southwest embraces transparency and simplicity in all aspects of its operations. Its fare structure is refreshingly straightforward, with only two fare classes - Wanna Get Away and Anytime. This eliminates the confusion and frustration often associated....

Predictive maintenance in the airline industry has been a topic of interest for researchers and practitioners alike. With the increasing complexity and interconnectedness of aircraft systems, the need for efficient maintenance strategies has become more apparent. Through a literature review, several key findings have emerged on the topic of predictive maintenance in airlines.

One key finding is the importance of data analytics in predictive maintenance. Airlines are now able to collect vast amounts of data from various sensors and monitoring systems installed on aircraft. This data can be used to predict potential failures before they occur, allowing maintenance crews to....