Air Cargo Security
Since the events of 911, airport security has been an important issue. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA)" is responsible for ensuring the security of all modes of transportation, including cargo placed aboard airplaines and particularly focuses on passenger-carrying planes" (TSA). The TSA is part of the Department of Homeland Security. According to the latest information available, the TSA employs 620 Cargo Transportation Security Inspectors who are exclusively dedicated to the oversight of air cargo. One hundred twenty of these are canine teams. The numbers of security inspectors and canine teams has increased significantly since 2006 (TSA).
Obviously, no one wants to see another tragedy. Terrorism continues to be a threat and security measures must try to keep pace with ever-changing strategies that terrorists try to employ. There has been much in the news about passenger screening, x-ray technology, and rights to privacy. Passengers do not present the only possible…...
mlaReferences
Beesley, A. (2010). Call for tighter security on air cargo worldwide. Irish Times 11/6/2010.
Dutton, G. (2010). Industry braces for 100% air cargo screening. World Trade 23(5), pp.
18-22.
Harris, D. (2010). Air cargo security. Good Morning America (ABC), 10/31/2010.
2).
ir Cargo, Inc. only flew cargo from December, 1941 (when Pearl Harbor was attacked) through November, 1944. t that time, Siddiqi explains that individual airline companies authored their own freight services, and on page 2 the author of this article notes that in time the major passenger airlines began offering freight forwarding service and that pretty well eliminated the need for a whole fleet of airline companies that just forwarded freight (Siddiqi). Only Flying Tiger stayed aloft as a strictly air freight company until the 1980s when Federal Express entered the picture. More on FedEx later in this paper.
The Literature -- the History of ir Freight Transportation -- Berlin ir Lift
When the long, bloody war was over it was time for the winning llies to divide up the territory that once was Nazi Germany, the negotiated, agreed-upon divisions gave the llies (U.S., Britain, and France) the Western sections of…...
mlaApril 20, 2012, from http://www.centennialofflight.gov.
Wilde, Robert. (2005). Berlin Blockade / Berlin Airlift. About.com. Retrieved April 20, 2012,
It's oeing. Starting from their first aircraft models oeing &W and Douglas DT/C-1 and up to the modern airfreight oeing 747-400, company oeing and oeing-related enterprises had been always on the frontier of air cargo industry, and nowadays oeing airfreights stand for 90% of commercial air cargo companies.
Everything started with mail delivery. Today lots of us associate aircrafts with people transportation, but primary oeing was responsible only for cargo.
The company was started in 1916, when ill oeing and his partner George Westervelt made a first model of future civil aviation's world leader- jet &W. &W had later become the first plane that was delivering cargo and mail to New Zealand. Three years later ill oeing and Eddie Hubbard delivered 60 letters from Vancouver, Canada to Seattle, which became the first event in the history of international air shipping.
Nearly at the same time, company Douglas Aircraft had signed a contract…...
mlaBibliography
Allaz, Camille The history of Air cargo and airmail Christopher Foyle Publishing, 2002
IATA International Traffic Statistics: December 2004 and Year-end 2004 available on web: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/industry_stats/2005-01-31-01.htm
Boeing History articles from www.boeing.com
air cargo industry experienced tremendous growth since inception because of various factors in the aviation industry, particularly the freight sector. The growth and development of this industry is evident in its current significance on the freight sector. Moreover, this industry currently accounts for huge profitability in the freight sector because of increased shipping of various packages across the globe. This increased shipping is fueled by increased interconnectedness of people and countries due to rapid technological factors.
However, the industry has experienced tremendous challenges and concerns in relation to security because of the increase of security issues and emergence of new security threats throughout the world. Some of the major security challenges or issues facing the air cargo industry include terrorism, hijacking threat, vulnerability to security breaches, and probable introduction of explosive devices. These security threats are largely brought by the development of sophisticated tools and means for criminal activities by…...
mlaReferences
"Bilateral and Regulatory Issues Facing the Air Cargo Industry." (n.d.). Chapter 6. Retrieved
April 17, 2015, from http://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/files/chapter_6_-_bilateral_and_regulatory_issues.pdf
Elias, B. (2010, December 2). Screening and Securing Air Cargo: Background and Issues for Congress. Retrieved April 17, 2015, from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R41515.pdf
"Evaluation of Screening of Air Cargo Transported on Passenger Aircraft." (2010, September).
air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and mutates, via transportation routes, is the reason why the influenza pandemic is considered to be a huge threat to the human population. Pandemic is a term, which is used for a virus or microbe when it spreads over a large area, in severe cases even the whole world and large number of people start getting affecting by it (CDC, 2009).
In the past 300 years, there have been ten significant influenza pandemics outbreaks that have taken place in this world. The…...
mlaReferences
Airports Council International (2009) Airport preparedness guidelines for outbreaks of communicable disease. Available at: (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/ACI_Priorities/Health/Airport%20preparedness%20guidelines.pdf
Bouma, G.D. (2002) The research process. 4th edn. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Brigantic, R., Delp, W., Gadgil A., Kulesz, J., Lee, R., Malone, J.D. (2009) U.S. airport entry screening in response to pandemic influenza: Modeling and analysis. Available at: (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7578-4W2M6SG1&_user=10843&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=44685b11dd53d74a8ef85a4f03e185f2
Bush, George W. (2003a). Homeland security presidential directive -- 5: Management of domestic incidents. Available at: (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html
Air Force Military Training 4
Aviation Tactical Force- to- Force Exercise
Military operations entails an interaction of multiple forces, hence sequencing their interaction during training is essential in promoting inter-service cooperation (Col Gopaul, 2017). Efficiency in training is determined by how well the training mirrors the battlefield. The sequencing of the battlefield is configured engaging in multi-service training exercises referred to as force- to- force exercise.
Force- to- force exercise training is a form of training that entails training with simulation equipment to realism to training as the training. Tactical force-to-force exercises essentially entail simulation and configuration of battlefield complexities to support basic training of pilots, mission commanders, and operators. The operation entails the interaction of technologies and forces with different operation experience (Kishore, 2017). The simulated exercises ensure warfighting competencies and swift execution and successful spectrum of operations as well as interforce relationship building (Col Gopaul, 2017). Force- to- Force simulations enables…...
Human Factor in Cargo Security
Is Human Factor important Cargo Security
Cargo security I one of the major issues handled with priority by Homeland security department in United States of America. It is regarded as a positional facilitator in terrorism activities. Another notable factor in implementing security measures for cargo was theft as a direct business cost for U.S. It is observed that businesses lost $15b to $30 billion as a loss to cargo theft in 2006. The research further states that personnel access, vehicles access, and proliferation of papers are one of the major causes of cargo theft. It is evident that certain factors have a direct influence on maintaining security for cargo. Technology, processes, procedures, systems, and all of the above human involvement are major issues in cargo security. It requires maintaining a high level of integrity for all these factors to reduce risk in cargo transportation.
The security perspective of…...
mlaReferences:
Giermanski, J. (2011, June 01). Facing the realities and probabilities of enhancing supply chain security. The Maritime Executive, Retrieved from http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/facing-the-realities-and-probabilities-of-enhancing-supply-chain-security/
Giermanski, J. (2012). Global Supply Chain Security. USA: Rowman & Littlefield.
Iseby, J. (2008). 9/11 Comm Recommendations. USA: Nova Science Pub Incorporated.
Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B.V. (2010). Adaptive supply chain management. London: Springer verlag.
September 11, a whole new range of advanced security equipment and protocols has been put in place. However, many of these systems and procedures remain inconsistent from airport to airport. One of the most critical ways of promoting faster passenger throughput without sacrificing the main goals of security is consistency and standardization among American airports, with an ultimate goal of working more tightly with global partners to create a consistent international travel security experience. If passengers know what to expect at each airport, the screening procedures can become more streamlined. Even if shifts in global threat alerts do often change the details in the procedures, passenger throughput does not need to be adversely affected if the overall protocols and goals remain the same. It may also be important to ensure that employees receive ample time and training in using any new equipment that is introduced, and that all equipment…...
mlaReferences
Elias, B. (2007). Air cargo security. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved online: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL32022.pdf
McNeil, J.B. (2010). Air cargo security. Retrieved online: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/air-cargo-security-how-to-keep-americans-secure-without-harming-the-economy
Transportation Security Administration (2006). TSA issues new regulations to substantially strengthen air cargo security. Retrieved online: https://www.tsa.gov/news/releases/2006/05/17/tsa-issues-new-regulations-substantially-strengthen-air-cargo-security
United States Department of Homeland Security (2015). Cargo screening. Retrieved online: http://www.dhs.gov/cargo-screening
Crash of Arrow Airs DC-8 flight on December 12, 1985. Thesis: "The crash of Arrow Airs DC-8 flight on 12 December 1985 was caused by terrorists." (Gander, Newfoundland) Research concludes that this flight carrying soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division actually crashed due to terrorists act. Five sources are used. MLA.
The Crash of Arrow Airs DC-8 Flight December 12, 1985
It had been nearly two decades since an Arrow Airs DC-8 jet crashed just after taking off from a refueling stop in Gander, Newfoundland on December 12, 1985. The plane rose less than 1,000 ft., then crashed, tail first, into a small hill, disintegrating in flames about a half-mile from the end of the runway (Magnuson 22). It has been listed as the worst military air disaster, killing 248 American soldiers along with eight crew members. There is still much speculation as to the cause for the crash, although icing…...
mlaWork Cited
Cox, Matthew. "Decade Later, Crash Debated." Newsday. August 25, 1996; pp A16.
Magnuson, Ed. "NATION: THE FALL OF THE SCREAMING EAGLES A charter-jet crash kills 248 members of a famed Airborne unit." Time. December 23, 1985; pp 22.
An example of the effectiveness of using this protocol can be seen at the El Al cargo terminal in angkok, Thailand during 2003. What happened was El Al security identified, an unauthorized man taking pictures of the cargo area. Once arrested by security personnel, it was determined that he was planning on launching surface to air missiles, against the airline. ("Thwarted Attack Against El Al Flight" 2003) What this shows, is that when you have specific designated areas, you can be able to identify those people who are at the cargo terminal, to cause damage / disruptions. This is because the designated areas, will force everyone who works there and is conducting business, to go through a particular set of structures / procedures. Anyone who is not following these policies would raise security concerns. At which point, the odds increase dramatically that this person will be stopped and questioned.
A…...
mlaBibliography
Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning. (2006). TSA
Thwarted Attack Against El Al Flight. (2003). Retrieved July, 9, 2010 from All Business website: http://www.allbusiness.com/middle-east/israel/644547-1.html
Li, J. (2006). Cargo Security at the World's Busiest Airport. Retrieved July 9, 2010 from All Business website: http://www.asiansecurity.org/articles/2008/jun/03/cargo-security-worlds-busiest-airport/
The traditional bilateral air service agreements do have some restrictions that prevent foreign airlines to invest in foreign hubs, however, with the open skies agreements such restrictions do not exist and an airline will be able to fully exploit its investments in a foreign country thereby facilitating service between preferred cargo airports. The provision of such agreements also promote cargo services by guaranteeing access to customs facilities and processing, offering a range of ground-handling options, and availing surface transportation necessary for flights. Such provisions enable cargo carriers to efficiently monitor and control cargo from their point of departure to their final destination. This will enhance faster and safer delivery of cargo translating into value-added service to customers.
The benefits derived from the development in the international air transport is not limited to air services industry alone but spreads to cover several service providers, labor market, manufacturers, and the general economy…...
mlaReferences
Alford, E. And Champley, R. (2007). The impact of the 2007 U.S.-EU open skies air transport agreement. ITA Occasional Paper no. 07-001
Brueckner, J. And W.T. Whalen, (2000). "The Price Effects of International Airline Alliances,"
The Journal of Law and Economics: 43(2), 503-545
Hertel, T.W. (1997) Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications. Cambridge University Press: New York
Honolulu International Airport (HNL) is one of the world's largest, oldest, and most beautiful airports.
As the principal aviation gateway of the city and county of Honolulu on Oahu in the State of Hawaii, HNL is also identified as one of the busiest airports in the United States. Total traffic now exceeds 21 million passengers a year and is rising (Honolulu International Airport, 2016).
Owned and operated by the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, HNL covers 4,520 acres of fast and submerged land. The airport itself is larger than the major resort destination of Waikiki, which is located 10 miles to the south (Honolulu International Airport, 2016).
HNL has four active runways, including the 12,000-foot Reef Runway. When it was built, the Reef Runway was the world's first major runway built entirely offshore (Honolulu International Airport, 2016). The airport is served by 27 international and domestic carriers, two interisland airlines, and four…...
unning head: FINAL AVIATION POJECT EPOT36FINAL AVIATION POJECT EPOTExecutive SummaryThe onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought devastating calamity for the global economy, affecting every scope of the economy. Among the industries primarily affected by the pandemic is the aviation industry. With many countries across the world imposing travel bans to contain the spread of the virus, the Asian-Pacific region was no exception. Among the most affected airlines in the region was Cathay Pacific, which is a significant component of Hong Kongs aviation hub and the general economic growth of the region. This research paper has five segments: the introduction, literature review, methodology, analysis, and conclusion. The introduction part of this research paper provides the background information to the research study, providing a short history of Cathay Pacific and an overview of the pandemics impact on its economy. The next segment is the literature review. Seven pieces of literature related to…...
mlaReferencesCathay Pacific Airways Limited. (2020). Announcement: 2020 Annual ResultsChapman, J., & Georgoulias, A. (2010). Sustainable Financing for the Hong Kong International Airport.Kan. T. W. H. (2012). Investigating Hong Kong’s Role as the Main Air Transport Hub in the Asia-Pacific Region. Massey University, New Zealand.Malkani, M., Hulpke, J., Lau, C., & Ho, T. (2005). CATHAY PACIFIC AIRWAYS–WHAT NEXT?. International Journal of Case Method Research & Application.MELAS, D., & MELASOVÁ, K. (2020). THE EARLY IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE AVIATION INDUSTRY.Park, C. Y., Villafuerte, J., & Abiad, A. (2020). An updated assessment of the economic impact of COVID-19 (No. 133). Asian Development Bank.Tisdall, L., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, A. (2021). COVID-19 Impacts on General Aviation–Comparative Experiences, Governmental Responses, and Policy Imperatives. Transport Policy.Tsui, K. W. H., Yuen, A. C. L., & Fung, M. K. Y. (2018). Maintaining competitiveness of aviation hub: Empirical evidence of visitors to China via Hong Kong by air transport. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(11), 1260-1284.Yeung, J. H. Y., Cheung, W., Fung, M. K. Y., Zhao, X., & Zhang, M. (2010). The air cargo and express industry in Hong Kong: economic contribution and competitiveness. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 2(3), 321-345.Zhang, A. (2003). Analysis of an international air-cargo hub: the case of Hong Kong. Journal of Air Transport Management, 9(2), 123-138.
S. domestic carriers are at period in the industry's history when these factors are already beleaguered by downturns in the global economy, increasing competition from international carriers, and the aforementioned high costs of energy.
Chapter 2: The Impact of Open Skies Agreements on Domestic and International Carriers
Under an open skies agreement, both signatories to the agreement enjoy open access to international airline routes between the two countries as well as eliminating virtually all domestic restrictions on international carriers (Lick, 1998). In an effort to develop more closely integrated pricing and route schedules, signatories to these agreements typically also seek to gain immunity from national antitrust laws (Commercial aviation: Legacy airlines must further reduce costs to restore profitability, 2004). The U.S. Department of Transportation reviews these types of airline alliances from an antitrust perspective and refuses to approval an alliance without a reciprocal open skies agreement with the foreign airline's home nation…...
mlaReferences
Baker, C. (2004, March 1). Air France-KLM approved; competition regulators in Brussels have approved Air France's takeover of KLM, deciding the consumer comes out of the deal as a net winner. Washington also says it will not oppose the deal. Airline Business, 9.
Bilotkach, V. (2002). Asymmetric regulation and airport dominance in international aviation:
Evidence from the London-New York market. Southern Economic Journal, 74(2), 505-
Doganis, R. (2002). Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. London:
In addition, there are also numerous vehicles that are required for running the airport facilities such as baggage transportation, fuels transportation and maintenance and upkeep of the runways and surrounding lands require trucks and utility vehicles. The airport has switched, wherever possible, to natural gas or electricity run vehicles.
Economic Impact
There are, currently, 32 passenger airlines and 19 cargo airlines that use the Hartsfield-Jackson airport. The 2006 statistics as posted by the airport authorities on the official website offer the following details.
Passengers Cargo in Metro Tons
Freight/Express/Mail Aircraft Operations
Landings and Takeoffs
Domestic
International
Transit
The airport is the largest employer in the State of Georgia, with a payroll of $2.4 billion. Approximately 56,000 individuals are employed by the airport either directly or through contracts agencies. It is estimated that the direct and indirect impact of the airport is $5.6 billion. In turn, "the annual, regional economic impact of the Airport is more than $23.5 billion.…...
mlaReferences
Diaz, M. (2007). "The International Airport Summit."
Retrieved February 26, 2008, at http://www.atlanta-airport.com/default.asp?url=http://www.atlanta-airport.com/sublevels/news_room/speech4.htm.
Factbook. (2002). "World FactBook 2002."
Retrieved February 26, 2008, at http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2002/fields/2053.html .
The Emery World Flight 17 incident, which occurred on February 16, 2000, serves as a poignant reminder of the complexities and inherent risks associated with air cargo operations. This tragic event, where the aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff from Sacramento Mather Airport, underscores several critical lessons for the aviation industry. Firstly, the importance of rigorous maintenance checks cannot be overstated. The crash was attributed to a failure in the cargo door locking mechanism, which led to the catastrophic loss of the aircraft. This incident highlights the need for not only regular maintenance but also for the implementation of fail-safe mechanisms....
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