Agency Theory
The main problem in the case is that the CEO, Mr. Rodriguez, did not uphold his duty of care to the shareholders. Agency theory holds that the management of a company is an agent of the shareholders and should undertake actions that support the improvement of shareholder wealth at the firm. There are several points where this did not take place. The company's strategy of being a low-cost provider may have worked initially but it eventually became apparent that the company was suffering a decline in sales. The response of Mr. Rodriguez was to leave the strategy unchanged. Worse, he undertook significant misconduct and failed to safeguard the interests of the shareholders by giving luxurious bonuses to the staff and using company funds to finance his high-flying lifestyle. His action to call for an increase in the revenues from the accounting department was illegal, and directly misleading, and absolutely…...

Agency Theory and Executive Compensation
An Analysis of Agency Theory and Aligning Executive Stock Options with Corporate Objectives

According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), any medium- or large-sized firm today is not directly managed by its owners (the shareholders) but rather by "hired hands" that is, professional managers. Presumably, these professionals are capable and diligent agents of the owners, but these professionals' interests are not always the same as the shareholders' interests. Shareholders want their agents to maximize the value of the firm. The professional managers want to maximize their own welfare. They, for example, may want to create an organization with a great many employees as a way of wielding more power and getting more remuneration (there is a correlation between top executive pay and the size of the organization). This "agency problem" is addressed by modern firms in a variety of ways. Firms are often counseled to deal with this…...

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References

Aggarwal, R., & Rivoli, P. (1990). Fads in the initial public offering market? Financial

Management, 19, 45-57. In Dhatt et al., p. 44.

Amihud, Y., & Lev, B. (1981). Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. Bell Journal of Economics, 605-17. In Baek & Pagan, p. 30.

Baek, H.Y., & Pagan, J.A. (2002). Executive compensation and corporate production efficiency: A stochastic frontier approach. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 41, 27.

In extreme cases, managers might manipulate the price of stock to improve their own financial future, releasing falsely positive reports to net a gain, and then selling shares before the real truth about the company's poor financial health becomes known.
3. Finally what can be done to insure that we will have a greatly reduced probability of agency issues with the management of FF&F, Inc.

Linking pay to performance has been one popular way of remedying the problem of agency on an executive level. However, this is problematic to some degree, as outside factors can substantially impact short-term profitability. A bad manager might receive a bonus during times of economic boom, while a good manager instating needed reforms might oversee the company during a period of economic decline, or simply have to allow an initial loss to see a profit later on. Ensuring that managers are shareholders is another method of…...

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Works Cited

Agency theory framework." (1997). Babson College. Retrieved 26 Nov 2007 at  http://www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/papers96/shane/shane3.htm

agency theory in the light of management conflict with shareholders and issues pertaining to compensation packages for executives. It has 10 sources.
Management role as agency and their relationship with shareholders often result in conflict of interest where executive compensation is concerned. hile on the one hand management is keen on developing the company through its qualified CEOs, shareholders are more interested in their returns. As a result there exist problems of differential of interests where investment cash flows, financial management and reporting are concerned. These mechanisms are considered to be the lifeblood of an organization yet have often been subjected to agency issues.

Discussion

According to Osborne and Rubinstein, [1994] the game theory incorporates the spirit of trust between two decision makers. In a situation of agency problem propagation, the two entities involved in decision making mechanism are the stockholders and the managers. The level of agreement of sharing the decision…...

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Works Cited

1. Heinfeldt, Jeffery and Curcio, Richard. Employee Management Strategy, Stakeholder-Agency Theory and the Value of the Firm. Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions, Vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 1997  http://www.studyfinance.com/jfsd/pdffiles/v10n1/heinfeldt.pdf 

2. Author not available, Corporate Boards Should Focus on Performance, Not Conformance, Leadership and Change, Wharton, 2002.  http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/articles.cfm?catid=2&articleid=536&homepage=yes 

3. Lippert, Robert L. Agency Conflicts, Managerial Compensation, And Firm Variance, Journal Of Financial And Strategic Decisions, Volume 9 Number 3 Fall 1996  http://www.studyfinance.com/jfsd/pdffiles/v9n3/lippert.pdf 

4. Author not available, Lecture Notes from Stern University, 2003a at http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~dwolfenz/courses/b4000xx/lect13.ppt

Airline Deregulation
There are many questions about whether the deregulation of the airlines was a success or not. Some assert that it was a "great success" due to the lower fares that were realized by a lot of airline passengers. However, whether that is really true will be explored. There is also a question of whether there could be some downsides to airline deregulation. Finally, there will be an offering and explanation of the lessons that have or do exist as it relates to relaxing of regulations in other industries. hile deregulation can be a good thing, being too lenient and relaxed about regulations can lead to abuses and customers getting swindled or otherwise negatively impacted (Nicholson, and Snyder).

Analysis

If there is one great lesson that was taught to the airlines themselves as well as broader industry when the airlines were deregulated, it was the concept of how marginal cost and elasticity…...

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Works Cited

DuBois, Shelley. 'The Real Threat Facing The Airlines'. Fortune. N.p., 2012. Web. 13 Aug. 2015.

Eisenhardt, Kathleen. 'Agency Theory: An Assessment And Review On JSTOR'. Jstor.org. N.p., 1989. Web. 13 Aug. 2015.

Jansen, Bart. 'DOT Fines Southwest $1.6 Million For Midway Tarmac Delays'. USA TODAY. N.p., 2015. Web. 13 Aug. 2015.

Nicholson, Walter, and Christopher Snyder. Intermediate Microeconomics And Its Applications. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Business -- Annotated Bibliography
Drucker, P.E. (1994,). The theory of business. Harvard Business Review, September-October. Retrieved from http://www.mindz.com/images/Ronaldvandenhoff/file/the_theory_of_business_drucker.pdf

Credibility: Author Analysis

Peter Drucker was the Clarke Professor of Social Science and management at the Claremont Graduate School in Claremont, California. The university has named the Drucker Management Center in his honor. This article was the thirty-first article for Harvard Business Review. Business students across the globe know Drucker's seminal work in business theory as it plays a prominent role in business school curricula.

Credibility: Intended Audience

The intended audience for this article is executives in the C-suite -- particularly chief executive officers (CEOs). This article is a call to action pointed at business executive and directors who are equipped to influence business thought leadership.

Credibility: Findings

Drucker cites many actual businesses in his argument for addressing the obsolescence of business theories.

Content Summary

Drucker presents four specifications for a valid theory of business: 1) "The assumptions about environment, mission,…...

Military Management and the Agency Problem
Agency theory can be helpful for understanding any organizational conflict or behavior, and applies equally as well to the private and public sector. Applied to the military organization, agency theory "offers insight into how military strategies relate to political objectives," an important consideration (Petrina, 2005, p. v). When it is applied to the corporate world, agency theory also offers insight into how executive decisions are made and how executives can become corrupt when they possess significant power and separation from agents or shareholders. There are differences in corporate versus military governance and organizational culture, but those differences to do not cloud over the essential applicability of agency theory to both the private and public sector.

A traditional view of agency theory as it applies to military organizations is that "civilians set oversight measures to monitor the behavior of the military and the military responds based on…...

While there are clearly circumstances where the civil society sector is at odds with the state, there are at least as many where the relationship is one of interdependence and mutual support…. The state has thus emerged in the modern era not as a displacer of nonprofit activity but as perhaps the major philanthropist… (Salamon & Anheier 1997, p. 63-64).

Evidence

Calprig is an independent statewide student organization that works on issues such as environmental protection, consumer protection, hunger and homelessness. In essence, members of Calprig desire to build a better society through a plethora of volunteer activities. The group also provides students with the opportunity to practice their effective citizenship both on and off campus. This semester, the organization focused primarily on six campaigns: The Ocean and Plastic Ban is a short-term goal to ban plastic bags in Los Angeles California; Big Agriculture, although not a lot planned for this semester…...

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References

Addams, Jane. Democracy and social ethics. United States, 1889.

Chung, L., & P. Gibbons. Corporate entrepreneurship: the roles of ideology and social capital. Group and Organization Management 22 (1997): 10-30.

Coleman, James. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94 (1988): 95-120.

-. Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Locke's Theory Of Punishment
John Locke was an English philosopher, who is undoubtedly the philosopher of modern times and the originator of concepts like self and identity, human nature and understanding, theory of mind and several other concepts regarding political philosophy and ethics. orn in 1632 and died in 1704, Locke is unanimously termed as the Father of Classical Liberalism since during the enlightenment era; he was amongst the most influential and widely followed scholars. Many of his works regarding liberalism and republicanism have been included into the U.S. Declaration of Independence and Constitution, due to their authenticity and practicality in real terms.

Locke also performed as a government official who was authorized to collect information regarding to trade with the entire colonies. This experience allowed him to be in close contact with the political activities and eventually led him to write upon the authorization and legislation customs for the government. His…...

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Bibliography

Locke, J. (1924). Of civil government: Two treatises. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.

agency/organization in which you worked. Include information on the size of the organization (number of personnel, of what kinds) and the division of labor into units or departments. Obtain an organizational chart, or prepare one yourself, showing the formal structure of the organization.
The organization where I worked from April 24, 2012 to June 29, 2012 was U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Created in 2003, it is the main investigative body of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Investigation. It is a federal law enforcement agency whose main responsibility includes executing the immigration and custom laws of the United States to protect the country and to ensure the public security.

The detailed chart of the structure of the organization is attached in the Appendix A. ICE has a divisional organizational structure. It is headed by the Director who is appointed by the President of U.S. And approved by the Senate.…...

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Bibliography

Cyber Crimes Center. 2012 June 16 .

Herald, Glenna. U.S. Immigration and Enforcement arrests 44. Chicago Tribune. N.p., 14 June 2012. Web. 19 June 2012. .

Hughes, Gordon, Eugene MacLaughlin and John Muncie. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Sage Publications, 2002.

ICE Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2010-2014. Strategic Plan. Washington DC: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2010.

Organizational theory refers to the behavioral and social theories which help in the understanding of both informal and formal organizations. It makes references to a number of fields - anthropology, sociology, psychology, semiotics, economics, communications science, history and cybernetics (Sage Publications, n.d). The field has become popular with sociological researchers. Many of these researchers, drawn from such fields as medical sociology, social movements, political sociology and education, have realized the need to study this concept because of the role in empirical research that big organizations play. Scholars out of this field have always found discussions regarding organizational theory arcane. These scholars also hold the view that all that organizational theory concerns itself with is firms and so it is not applicable in other social situations. The formal or complex organization is the study object in organizational theory. Assumptions are made that there exists goals, rules, hierarchy and definitions of membership…...

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Bibliography

Ascher, W. (2000). Applying classic organization theory to sustainable resource & environmental management. Retrieved from  http://law.duke.edu/news/papers/ascher.pdf 

Boundless. (2014). Why Study Organizational Theory?. Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/organizational-theory-3/why-study-organizational-theory-28/why-study-organizational-theory-163-7564/

Cohen, D, & Prusak, L. (2001). In Good Company. How social capital makes organizations work. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Conner, D. (1990). The changing nation: Strategies for citizen action (Handout materials). Atlanta: ODR, Inc.ent document.

Introduction International relations theory refers to the study of the theoretical perspective of international relations. It provides a framework which is conceptual upon which analysis of international relations is done. International relations theories can also act like pairs of colored sunglasses which only allows the person wearing it to see what’s relevant to the theory. There are three most prominent theories available - constructivism, liberalism and realism. International relations theories are divided into rationalist and reflectivist theories. Rationalist theories are those that focus on analysis that is principally of state level. Reflectivist theories incorporate the meanings of security in an expanded manner from post-colonial security, gender to class.
International relations theories have a big role in helping policy-makers produce solutions that are effective instead of being regarded as being too abstract. In policy organizations that are foreign, people are not selected by their theories’ quality but by their quality of knowledge and…...

S. involvement in World War II.
Is it possible to have a general theory of war?

Perhaps the most well-known "theory" of war is articulated in Matthew 24:6: "You will hear of wars and rumors of wars. . . . Such things must happen" (New International Version 1984). Therefore, although it is possible to have a general theory of war, any such theory will be limited in its ability to explain the why's and how's of its occurrence. According to Gray (1999), in his seminal text, on War, Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz, set forth a modern general theory of war, but Sun Tzu's Art of War also addressed this issue. Clausewitz, though, is cited time and again in the relevant literature as having propounded a general theory of war. For instance, eid (2004) reports that, "In particular, he seeks to explain the methods to establish a general theory of war. Clausewitz…...

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References

Clausewitz, C.V. (1976) on War. Princeton, NJ.

Gray, C.S. (1999) Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

-. The 21st Century Security Environment and the Future of War. Parameters, 38(4): 14-9.

Lichbach, M.I. (1989) "An evaluation of 'does economic inequality breed political conflict?'

Nursing: Theory and Nursing Practice Issues
Theory and Nursing Practice Issues: Nursing

The modern-day staff nurse faces a variety of challenges in the work environment. These include inadequate staffing, the authority gradient, and issues related to changing models of care. The nurse leader has a duty to aid staff nurses working under him in addressing the challenges posed by these, and other issues facing the nursing profession. Leadership theories provide effective guidelines by which nurse leaders can address issues inherent in the nursing profession. In so doing, they accord staff nurses adequate opportunities to make meaning out of their lives. Leadership theories such as the situational leadership theory, the transformational leadership theory, role theory, and path-goal theory provides crucial insights from which nurse leaders could draw reference when seeking solutions for problems facing subordinate staff nurses. This text explores how leadership theory can be applied to nursing practice issues, and the implications…...

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References

Barker, A. (1992). Transformational Nursing Leadership: A Vision for the Future. New York NY: Jones & Bartlett Company.

Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Addressing New Challenges Facing Nursing Education. The Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.hrsa.gov/advisorycommittees/bhpradvisory/nacnep/reports/eighthreport.pdf

Early, G. (2005). Leadership Expectations: How Executive Expectations are Created and Used in a Non-Profit Setting. London, UK: OCMS Publishers.

Edmonson, C. (2010). Moral Courage and the Nurse Leader. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(3), Manuscript 5.

Integrated Theory
Sexual assault is an assault which is of a sexual nature done on another person either of the same of different sex. It also includes any form of sexual act that is committed without the consent of the person. Although in most cases, sexual assault is done by a man on a woman but in some cases, it has been documented to also be done by several men, women or children on men and children also Openshaw et al., 1993()

Prevalence

In the U.S. alone, about 300,000 cases of rape of women are reported every year. Additionally, 3.7 million women are usually subjected to other forms of unwilling sexual activity. There are also another 80,000 children in America who are abused sexually every year. Estimates by help agencies say that about one in every six American women has experienced sexual assault or will experience sexual assault at least once in their…...

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Bibliography of Scholarly References, 1970-1992. Family Relations, 42(2), 222-226.

In conclusion, the intricate relationship between managerial compensation and financial reporting quality is a critical aspect of corporate governance. Various compensation plans, particularly performance-based incentives, can influence managerial actions and impact the accuracy of financial disclosures. The delicate balance between incentivizing transparency and minimizing the risk of earnings manipulation highlights the complexities of aligning incentives with sustainable business practices. It is evident that executive compensation, especially stock options tied to stock price, can significantly affect financial reporting quality and may lead to misreporting behaviors. Equity-based compensation has been linked to incentives for misreporting, while regulatory efforts to promote whistleblowing can....