African-American Studies
Harlem enaissance

The Harlem enaissance is a cultural movement that began during the second decade of the 20th century, also known as the "New Negro Movement." The Harlem enaissance came about as a result of a series of changes in American society during the time. One major turning point during this period of American history was the significant changes in the American population. econstruction was over; the country began its attempts at a stoic integration. Yet during this period, numerous American blacks migrated around the country. Many moved into urban areas on the coast and the Midwest. econstruction was not the end of transition and turbulence for American and for African-Americans. The 19th century closed with a mixed sentiment of uncertainty and of hope. There was great potential for African-Americans to make further strides and changes for civil rights, education, and creative expression. The 20th century saw surges in global…...

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References:

Jackson, C. (2012) Harlem Renaissance: Pivotal Period in the Development of Afro-American Culture. Yale -- New Haven Teachers Institute, Web, Available from: www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1978/2/78.02.03.x.html. 2013 October 16.

Sage, H. (2010) the Progressive Era: The Great Age. The Academic American, Available from: 2013 October 16.http://www.academicamerican.com/progressive/topics/progressive.html.

To quote such examples are those that described arguments between former masters and freedmen over the rights to the labor power of family members or between husbands and wives in broken marriages. They however, did not evidently support his argument that kinship was redefined in the process (James, History Services).
Sometimes, his analyses appeared to conflate "family" and "household" in a more incomprehensible manner rather than illumination. This might be due the African case, where slaves were usually acknowledged part of the slave-holders' kin group, and led him lost. Overall, the Claims of Kinfolk is a unique piece of study that will have an important impact and influence on future scholarship (J. illiam, Journal of American History).

Conclusion

The book "The Claims of Kinfolk" is of maximum value in terms of professional interest to economic historians of the nineteenth-century United States. However, it is an attention grabbing, meditative and systematic book that…...

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Works Cited

J. William Harris. Review of the Claims of Kinfolk. University of New Hampshire. The Journal of American History. www.historycooperative.org

James R. Irwin. Review of Dylan C. Penningroth the Claims of Kinfolk: African

American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South. Economic History Services. www. the.net/bookreviews

Book report

Furthermore, as a result of these conditions there was a general failure of black business and entrepreneurships. "Black businesses failed, crushing the entrepreneurial spirit that had been an essential element of the Negro enaissance." (the Great Depression: A History in the Key of Jazz)
However this did not crush the general spirit of the African-American people and there was a resurgence of black culture and enterprise in area such as Harlem. acism and prejudice were also rife during this period and many jobs and posts occupied by African-American were take away and given to whites. In some Northern cities, "...whites called for blacks to be fired from any jobs as long as there were whites out of work." (Great Depression and World War 11, 1929-1945) in 1930 it is estimated that as much as fifty percent of all African-Americans were unemployed." (the Great Depression)

The situation was also exacerbated by continued…...

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References

African-American Protests. Retrieved June 9, 2007, at http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=443

Cashmore, E. (2003). Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. New York: Routledge. Retrieved June 9, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107717605 

Great Depression and World War 11, 1929-1945. Retrieved June 13, 2007, http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/race/race.html

McElrath J. Martin Luther King's Philosophy on Nonviolent Resistance. http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/martinlutherking/a/mlks_philosophy.htm

African-American Immigrations
African Immigration to the New orld

The initial immigration of Africans and people of African descent is inexorably linked to the slave trade and the institution of chattel slavery in the United States. Although immigration patterns would inevitably vary, they all tended to do so according to the relationship between this country and its regard for slavery. Due to the fact that the beginnings of these people's immigration to the U.S. -- which is noted to have begun as early as the middle of the 16th century (no author) -- precipitated the founding of the nation, Africans and those of African descent would play a fairly integral role in the foundation of the nation-to-be. In purely economic terms, their very landing on American soil already represented the monetary impact that they would have on this society, since slave labor was very costly. Additionally, however, these people would be the most…...

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Works Cited

Berlin, Ira. "African Immigration to Colonial America." The Historian's Perspective. 2005. Web.  http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historynow/03_2005/historian3.php 

No author. "The African-American Migration Experience." The Schomberg Center. No date. Web. http://www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm

Foley, Brendan. "Slaves in the American Maritime Economy." MIT. No date. Web. http://www.mit.edu/people/bpfoley/slavery2.html

West, Jean. "Sugar and Slavery: Molasses to Rum to Slaves" Slavery in America. No date. Web. http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_sugar.htm

Thus, the New Negro Movement refers to the new way of thinking, and encompasses all the elements of the Negro Renaissance, artistically, socially and politically (New).
The Harlem Renaissance changed the dynamics of African-American culture in the United States forever, for it was proof that whites did not have a monopoly on literature, arts and culture (Harlem). The many personalities of the era, such as composer Duke Ellington, dancer Josephine Baker, writer Jean Toomer, and artist Horace Pippin, not only helped define the New Negro Movement, but they inspired future generations of artists and writers such as Alice alker and Toni Morrison (Harlem).

Civil Rights Movement

hen Rosa Park refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, the African-American community united in what is referred to as the Civil Rights Movement, which was the beginning of the end of American apartheid (Munro 2005). This movement was led and championed by…...

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Works Cited

Black1 Panther Party. Retrieved October 03, 2006 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Panthers 

Black Power Movement. Retrieved October 03, 2006 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power 

Crew, Spencer R. (1987 March 01). The great migration of Afro-Americans, 1915-40.

Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved October 03, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

African-American's Ethnic Or Cultural Background Affects Ethical Convictions"
How African-American's ethnic or cultural background affects ethical convictions.

For most African-Americans, their history of slavery and discrimination has had the most profound, shaping effect upon their ethical convictions than any other historical experience. This is one reason that African-Americans overwhelmingly vote Democratic, when compared with other groups, given the party's support of civil rights. "Nearly 80% of blacks vote Democratic... [yet] many African-American voters -- including Democrats -- line up with conservatives on social and cultural issues," such as social issues like gay marriage" (Cloud 2008).

African-Americans tend to be more religious and to regularly attend church than their white counterparts. "After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, African-American men reported significantly greater levels of religiosity...compared with European-American men. African-America men also reported significantly greater levels of future temporal orientation [i.e., that the future would be better than the present" (Halbert et al. 2007: 277 ).…...

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References

Cloud, John. (2008). Breaking down the black vote. Time. Retrieved:

 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1704667,00.html#ixzz1mIqJtkCX 

Dubois, W.EB. On double consciousness. Excerpted:

http://www.duboislc.org/html/DoubleConsciousness.html

Interestingly, in the first sections of the website, little is said about the inherent sexual violence within the slavery system. The exhibit focuses on positive examples of empowerment and resistance of women, or more generalized discussion of overall trends in Black history. For example, one section on the Great Migration of blacks to the north after the formal end of reconstruction contains no mention of how this specifically affected African-American women. However, other sections, such as the career of anti-lynching journalist Ida B. ells-Barnett, and the founders of the first African-American women's colleges, bring hidden history to light. Some African-American women during the early 20th centuries accomplished feats even white women had not, such as Maggie Lena Mitchell alker, the president of the Saint Luke Penny Savings Bank in Richmond, Virginia, the creator of the patented 'folding' bed Ira E. Goode, the sculptress Mary Edmonia Lewis, and the aviatress Bessie…...

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Work Cited

"Claiming Their Citizenship: African-American Women From 1624-2009." National Women's

History Museum (NWHM). February 2009. June 22, 2010.

 http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/africanamerican/index.html

African-American males are more likely to face jail or prison time than men from other races and ethnicities. The violent death rate for African-American males is much greater than it is for all other segments of society. However, one area of study has not been a significant issue for young African-American males compared to their counterparts in society until recently. In the last 20 years, the pattern of the suicide rate among African-Americans has changed, and African-American males are almost as likely to commit suicide as their white counterparts (CDC, 2007). In that time period, African-American males have seen a drastic increase in the number of suicide rates per 100,000, and although that rate has declined in the past decade, it remains alarmingly high.
Researchers have considered many factors during this rise in suicide rate, but there are many areas that have not been subjected to detailed review. With the increase…...

The oil spill in North Carolina caught her attention along with the fact that "Forty-one states send [toxic] waste to Emelle, Alabama, where 86% of the population is African-American" (Kaplan, p. 378). The skill that Burwell showed in pushing the issue that there was clearly a strategy to place dangerous toxic waste dumps -- that give off cancer-causing PCBs -- in areas where minorities lived was impressive. "Dollie, determined at all costs to keep her neighborhood from becoming a dump, never thought of herself as a leader until this time," Kaplan writes (p. 383). Kaplan concludes that "Not since the civil rights movements had African-American People in the South Mobilized in such large numbers to demonstrate that they had reached the end of their rope and wouldn't have their human dignity and their very lives discounted because they were black and poor" (Kaplan, p. 386).
orks Cited

Brown, Elsa Barkley. "The…...

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Works Cited

Brown, Elsa Barkley. "The Labor of Politics." The Work of Reconstruction.

Cook, Fields, et al. "African-Americans in Richmond, Virginia, Petition President Andrew

Johnson, 1865.

DuBois, W.E.B. "The Souls of Black Folk." Three Negro Classics. New York: HarperCollins,

African-American Literature
Du Bois in The Souls of Black Folks offers the reader glimpses into the heart and mind of black men and women living in the post-reconstruction south when the splendor that had resided especially in the cotton market, had all but disappeared. The disappearance of the cotton market left in its wake thousands of black men and women the legacy of the laborers that built the place still laboring and still slaves to the land and the landlord. In Chapter 7 "Of The Black Belt" Du Bois describes an area in the south that is filled with black people mostly renting land from the heirs of fine plantations, the heirs who all had better places to be but still collect rents that equal a man's annual wages if they do not exceed them. The epigraph of the chapter the song "Bright Sparkles" references grave goods associated with the African…...

African-American Odyssey
Through the reasoned and systematic analysis presented in Martin & Malcom & America: A Dream or a Nightmare, author James H. Cone investigates the fundamental philosophical contrasts between the ideas espoused by the Civil ights movement's most revered leaders, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. And Malcolm X In the preface of the book, Cone identifies both King and Malcolm X as the founding fathers of "the two main resistance traditions in African-American history and culture -- integrationism and nationalism" (Preface ix). The remainder of the work comprises a comparative examination of each man's overarching belief system, with Cone relying on both King's and Malcolm X's religious background, family upbringing and social influences to contextualize their competing views and values. Cone uses the term integrationism to encompass King's overall adherence to peaceful protesting and nonviolent methods to achieve social reforms, while the term nationalism describes Malcolm X's insistence on the…...

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References

Cone, J. Martin & Malcom & America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1992. Print.

Hine, D.C., Hine, W.C., & Harrod, S. (2005). The african-american odyssey. (3rd ed., pp. 489- 578). New York, NY: Prentice Hall.

African-American HBP
An effective health education program must be culturally aware, sensitive to the history and specific needs of the community. Within the African-American community, there is an unfortunate history of mistrust with regards to the healthcare system and establishment. As Thomas & Quinn (1991) point out, "there remains a trail of distrust and suspicion" that hampers health education in Black communities (p. 1498). The root cause of the specific mistrust of healthcare system, policy, and practice can be traced to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Lingering effects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study include a resistance to education and intervention related to HIV / AIDS among African-Americans. Therefore, health education related to heart disease and high blood pressure must be treated with sensitivity and awareness of this historical conflict between Black communities and healthcare, which is largely viewed as a white institution. The proposed health education program is for a neighborhood.

It is…...

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References

Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., Cushman, W.C., Green, L.A. Izzo, J.L., Jones, D.W., Materson, B.J., Oparil, S., Wright, J.T. & Rocella, E.J. (2003). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003(42): 1206-1252

Thomas, S.B. & Quinn, S.Q. (1991). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: Implications for HIV Education and AIDS Risk Education Programs in the Black Community. American Journal of Public Health 81(11). Retrieved online:  http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.81.11.1498

The research has high validity because much of the evidence is videotaped and not just entered in written form. This provides a more objective record of results (ibid., 137). The question of controlling or non-controlling feeding patterns and their effects on obesity are especially interesting to this author due to the potential for heading off later obesity issues. The resource will reflect on the class presentation by documenting the immediate impacts of early parenting styles among African-American parents upon obesity issues.
This resource will definitely be useful in creating the presentation because it presents a proactive opportunity to intervene and improve parenting skills and child welfare.

tewart, E.B., E.A. tewart, and R.L. imons. "The Effect of Neighborhood Context on the College Aspirations of African-American Adolescents." American Educational Research Journal. 44.4 (2007): 896 -- 919.

The purpose of the article is to measure the neighborhoods in which African-American adolescents live and their college…...

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Stewart, E.B., E.A. Stewart, and R.L. Simons. "The Effect of Neighborhood Context on the College Aspirations of African-American Adolescents." American Educational Research Journal. 44.4 (2007): 896 -- 919.

The purpose of the article is to measure the neighborhoods in which African-American adolescents live and their college aspirations. The present study research hypothesis examines to what extent neighborhood structural disadvantages predict about college aspirations held by African-American youth. The results support the hypothesis that concentrated neighborhood disadvantages exert significant influences upon college aspirations, even when accounting for the micro-level context. With regard to the characteristics of the sample, the findings suggest that the youth that were studied that were living in disadvantaged contexts had lower college aspirations.

( Stewart, Stewart, and Simons 896). This resource will be useful in creating the presentation because it will allow a more detailed examination of the neighborhood influences upon both parenting and youth in the disadvantaged inner city neighborhoods.

African-American Art
Creative African-American Literature

Were one to pause to give this subject consideration, it would appear that the vast majority of African-American artwork within the 20th century was organized around and largely revolved about pressing social issues of the time period. Despite the fact that African-Americans had been legally emancipated from slavery in the middle of the 19th century, there were still a number of eminent social issues (most noticeably civil rights and the lack thereof for African-Americans) that were addressed in both a political as well as an artistic context. One of the leading purveyors of works of arts to challenge and elucidate the numerous social ills African-Americans chose to address during this time period include the creations of writers. The medium of writing, both in the form of traditional creative writing as well as in the form of creative nonfiction writing, lent itself as the perfect voice for the…...

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References

Baraka, Amiri. (1999). The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka Reader. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.

Giovanni, Nikki. (2003). The Collected Poetry of Nikki Giovanni. New York: William Morrow.

Haley, Alex. (1965). The Autobiography of Malcolm X New York: Ballantine.

Hughes, Langston. (1959). Selected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Vintage Classics.

African-American History- Christian Denominational Involvement
The African-American church, and African-American clergy, have been at the forefront of "nearly every major social, moral, and political movement in the black community," according to the Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics (Djupe, et al., 2003, p. 9). And there is not one particular denomination that African-American Christians are drawn to, any more than there is any one specific denomination that Caucasians are drawn to. This paper reflects the different churches that African-Americans have been drawn to, namely the AME, the Pentecostal Roman Catholic Church, and Episcopalian Church.

The School of Divinity at Regent University reports in its 2007-2008 Colloquium on African-American Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements in the U.S. that "Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity is the fastest growing segment of the African-American Church." Indeed, black Christians have been heavily involved in nearly all aspects of the Pentecostal movement "…from founding at the Azusa Street Revival at the beginning…...

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Works Cited

African Methodist Episcopal Church. "The Mission of the African Methodist Episcopal Church."

Retrieved November 1, 2011, from  http://www.ame-church.com .

Djupe, Paul A., and Olson, Laura R. Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2003.

Hunt, Stephen J. "Betwixt and Between: The Political Orientations of Roman Catholic Neo-

1. A diet or lifestyle related disease is one that is brought about specifically because of the type of diet the person has or the lifestyle he or she chooses to live. 2. Obesity causes many health issues. The most common are sleep apnea, type II diabetes, and heart disease. 3. Obesity is linked to both diet and lifestyle. Someone who overeats and also does not exercise can become obese over time. 4. In society, obesity causes higher health care costs, "fat shaming," and discomfort for many people because of a lack of ability to accommodate larger-sized people (think airplane and bus seats,....

In August Wilson’s Fences, the author explores several themes as they relate to the central themes of race, fatherhood, and manhood in the United States.  One of the themes that he tackles is the concept of fate, though the approach is less about life being preordained as it is an examination of how history, social circumstances, and upbringing can combine to make some events appear preordained or fated rather than the intervention of some type of divine or supernatural fate.  This contextual analysis of manhood in a political situation that seems designed to challenge it was explored by

There are a number of fantastic slave narratives that really describe the experiences of people in slavery.  However, there is a problem with most of these narratives.  Written by former slaves, these narratives are going to represent a rarity among slaves because their authors could read and write, while teaching a slave to read or write was punishable under many slave codes.  Therefore, we strongly suggest looking at a more comprehensive collection of slave narratives.  Fortunately, the Works Progress Administration compiled slave narratives under a few different programs, most notably the Federal Writer’s Project. ....

To tackle a three-page essay on the meaning of freedom for enslaved people in the United States, it is very important to keep in mind that there was no single idea of freedom.  The condition of slaves varied tremendously throughout the United States.  Some slaves lived near urban areas and had relatively high amounts of personal autonomy as well as exposure to free people of color, while other slaves were in isolation on plantations and may not ever encounter free people or color or even regularly encounter slaves held captive on other plantations.  In addition, men, women,....