Adderall presence on the U.S. market
ith between 3% and 5% of individuals in the U.S. having been diagnosed with ADHD, there is high demand for drugs that can make it possible for these respective individuals to cope with their condition. hile there is much controversy regarding such drugs, some are considered especially effective and there is a strong consumer base for these products. During the last two decades Adderall experienced significant progress in the health care industry as people acknowledged the benefits that the drug had on ADHD patients.

During the late 1990s and early 2000s the masses started to express more support with regard to stimulants, with individuals from a wide range of backgrounds being able to improve their lives as a result of using them. To a certain degree, it would be safe to say that ADHD becoming more popular played an important role in helping a great deal…...

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Works cited:

Edwards, J. "How a "Shortage" of Adderall Actually Increased Sales of the ADHD Drug." Retrieved August 17, 2015, from  http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-a-shortage-of-adderall-actually-increased-sales-of-the-adhd-drug/ 

Mayes, R., Bagwell, C., & Erkulwater, J.L. "Medicating Children: ADHD and Pediatric Mental Health." (Harvard University Press, 1 Jan 2009)

#
ILIOGRAPHY

Add Forums. Adderall Facts from the Manufacturer. Support and Information Resources

Community: Jelsoft Enterprises, Ltd., 2004. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www.addforums.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13863

Collier, Mallory. Adderall: History, Uses, Side Effects, and Withdrawal. Associated Content: Yahoo, Inc., 2008. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1268435/adderall_history_uses_side_effects.html

Geist, Jared. Focusing in on Adderall. Institute for Food Laws and Regulations: Michigan

State University, 2007. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www.iflr.msu.edu/ookStudentPapers_files/Geist>Focusing-on-Adderall.pdf

Harrison, Karl. Adderall 3 dChem, 2007. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www.3dchem.com/moremolecules.asp?ID=400&othername=Adderall

Logan, Darc. History of ADHD Treatment. eHow: Demand Media, Inc., 2011. Retrieved

on May 1, 2011 from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5180011_history_adhd

Macmillan, Leigh. Illuminating Aphetamine's Molecular Action. Exploration Journal:

Vanderbilt University, 2004. Retrieved on May 6, 2011 from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/exploratin/news/news_galli.htm

NCI. Dextroamphetamine Compound Summary (CID 5825). PubChem: National

Center for iotechnology Information, 2005. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5825

NeuroChi. Adderall. SIN Foundation, 2011. Retrieved on May 6, 2011 from http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Adderall#Chemistry_of_Adderall

Shire Pharmaceutical. Adderal, 2011. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://pi.shirecontent.com/PI/PIIPDFs/addereallXR_USA_ENG.PDF

-. Our History, 2011.…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Add Forums. Adderall Facts from the Manufacturer. Support and Information Resources

Community: Jelsoft Enterprises, Ltd., 2004. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www.addforums.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13863

Collier, Mallory. Adderall: History, Uses, Side Effects, and Withdrawal. Associated Content: Yahoo, Inc., 2008. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1268435/adderall_history_uses_side_effects.html 

Geist, Jared. Focusing in on Adderall. Institute for Food Laws and Regulations: Michigan

"The increased dopamine flow in the frontal cortex then allows the brain to carry on its executive functions as a normal brain would, thus counteracting the effects of ADHD" (3).
Treatment of ADHD: Even for individuals with the illness for whom Adderall is most commonly prescribed,

"The effectiveness of ADDEALL® for long-term use has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials," in a longitudinal fashion and is usually a part of a holistic treatment for the child or adult, combining behavior management and counseling as well as drug therapy (6). Adderall is not prescribed to individuals who merely wish to use it to get an 'edge' on studying. "The use of Adderall by those who are not prescribed is illegal across the United States. The Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances said that it is regulated under federal laws and the possession of non-prescribed Adderall can result in imprisonment and fines.…...

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REFERENCES:

1. Daley, Brooke. Perspective: Miracle drug? Adderall is prescribed for individuals with ADD and ADHD; for non-prescribed users there can be some serious risks Daily Pennsylvanian. April 20, 2004. Available at   Accessed on December 11, 2010.http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/ohe/library/drugs/adderall.htm 

2. Friedman, Emily. New York Police bust five Columbia students for alleged drug ring. ABC. December 7, 2010.   Accessed on December 11, 2010.http://abcnews.go.com/U.S./columbia-university-students-nailed-york-drug-bust/story?id=12335634 

3. Jenkins, Kristen. Adderall: College students' best friend-- or worst enemy? Serendip. April 17, 2007.   Accessed on December 11, 2010.http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/366 

4. Takahara, Michael. Five myths of Adderall. Nexus. May 13, 2010.   / Accessed on December 11, 2010.http://www.dailynexus.com/2010-05-13/student-health-debunks-adderall-excuses 

How to Solve the Illegal Exchange and Non-Medical use of Adderall among College Students: A Research Proposal Introduction
As numerous researchers have pointed out in recent years, the spread of “smart” drugs is on the rise across college campuses (Arria & DuPont, 2010; Frood, 2018; Vrecko, 2015). So-called “study drugs” like Adderall, which is an amphetamine, are used by students to help them study, cram, focus, and get ready for finals or get through a particularly intense stretch of work during particularly trying times of the school year. As Frood (2018) notes, “in a survey of tens of thousands of people, 14% reported using stimulants at least once in the preceding 12 months in 2017, up from 5% in 2015.” It goes without saying that the illegal exchange of such drugs is a problem that needs to be addressed. How to address it is the aim this research proposes to answer.
Problem Statement
The…...

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References

Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students: why we need to do something and what we need to do. Journal of addictive diseases, 29(4), 417-426.

Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections.  Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136.

Creswell, J. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.  California: Sage Publication.

Frood, A. (2018). Use of ‘smart’ drugs on the rise. Retrieved from

Vrecko, S. (2015). Everyday drug diversions: A qualitative study of the illicit exchange and non-medical use of prescription stimulants on a university campus. Social Science & Medicine, 131, 297-304.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05599-8

NUSING Nursing: Assessing and Treating Patients with ADHDCase IntroductionAn 8-year-old Caucasian girl named Katie is believed to suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Her teacher generated the statement as she showed symptoms within the class that led to such an observation. The signs included the girls inattentiveness, easy distraction, forgetfulness, focus loss after a short period, poor spelling and grammar, and reading and mathematics learning. Moreover, the girl only pays attention to things that she finds interesting.The teacher also believes that when the girl starts a task, she cannot finish it. She is distracted and does not find the focus to complete her assignments. School work is no more fascinating to her, so she does not follow the instructions.All of the above details are mentioned in Conners Teacher ating Scale-evise, which was forwarded to PMHNP for further scrutinizing of Katies condition. The symptoms must be prudently reviewed before the…...

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ReferencesAbar, C. C., Combs, A., Miley, A., Ruffino, R., & Abar, B. (2021). Parenting, health, and use of medications among college youth: The PHARMACY survey study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 24.   Mag. (2022, March 31). The top ADHD medications for children- rated by readers.  https://www.additudemag.com/adhd-medications-strattera-concerta-adderall-vyvanse-evekeo-ritalin-focalin-dexedrine/ Clemow, D. B., Bushe, C., Mancini, M., Ossipov, M. H., & Upadhyaya, H. (2017). A review of the efficacy of atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adult patients with common comorbidities. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 357–371.  https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S115707 Cleveland Clinic. (2021, January 7). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Nonstimulant therapy (Strattera) and other ADHD drugs.  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/12959-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-nonstimulant-therapy-strattera--other-adhd-drugs Hechtman L. (2005). Effects of treatment on the overall functioning of children with ADHD. The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review = La revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie de L\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'enfant et de L\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'adolescent, 14(Supplement 1), 10–15.Llamas, M. (2022, April 27). Adderall side effects. Drug Watch.  https://www.drugwatch.com/adderall/side-effects/ Morris, S.Y. (2019, January 28). Adderall vs. Ritalin: What’s the difference? Health Line.  https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/adderall-vs-ritalin Peters, B. (2014). Ethics commentary: Ethical considerations in sleep medicine. Psychiatry Online, 12(1), 64-67.  https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.12.1.64 Pitzianti, M.B., Spiridfigliozzi, S., Bartolucci, E., Esposito, S. & Pasini, A. (2020). New insights on the effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.531092https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101623 Attitude

Substance use and mental health problems often go hand-in-hand. People who feel depressed or anxious may depend on marijuana, alcohol, or other substances to feel at better or at ease. Although not everyone who experience mental health problems abuse substances, it is more common than imagined with people abusing prescription medication as well from Adderall to Vicodin (Montvilo, 2013). Although my immediate family has not experienced substance abuse problems, some within my family have gone through depression and anxiety issues. Other more distant relatives have experienced problems with marijuana and prescription medication. While their reasons differ, it amazing how family dynamics play a role in the creation of substance abuse and mental health problems.
B.)

The first person to look at is my father. He experienced a bout of depression when he had to deal with a potential loss of work a few years ago. He is the main provider of the…...

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References

Montvilo, R. (2013). Addictions & substance abuse. Ipswich, Mass.: Salem Press.

Each of the children received one of four possible treatments over a fourteen-month period - behavioral treatment, medication management, combination of the two, or usual community care. The results of this study showed that children who were treated with medication alone, which was carefully managed and individually tailored, and children who received both medication management and behavioral treatment had the best outcomes with respect to improvement of ADHD symptoms. The best results in terms of the proportion of children showing excellent response regarding were provided by ADHD combination treatment and oppositional symptoms, and in other areas of functioning. Overall, those who received closely monitored medical management had greater improvement in their ADHD symptoms than children who received either intensive behavioral treatment without medication or community care with less carefully monitored medication.
Treatment for ADHD is not without controversy. For most children with the disorder, medication is an integral part of…...

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Bibliography

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Center for Disease Control. 28 June 2005. 27 July 2005  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/default.htm .

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Overview)." National Institue of Mental Health. 2001. 28 July 2005  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/helpchild.cfm .

Barkley, R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press, 1998.

Bateman, B, JO Warner, E Hutchinson, T Dean, P Rowlandson, C Gant, J Grundy, C Fitzgerald and J. Stevenson. "The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children." BMJ Publishing Group & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. 14 September 2003. 28 July 2005  http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/89/6/506 .

Filter Bubble
A Review of hat the Internet Is Hiding From You

This paper reviews the book, The Filter Bubble: hat the Internet is Hiding from You, by Eli Pariser. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this book in an attempt to determine where the future of the internet is headed. The Filter Bubble begins with an overview of how Google began customizing its search results for intent users in 2009 and the results of that customization. The author hypothesizes that the future of the net is personalization. This is the undertone of the entire work. Follow up pieces by the Economist, including several supporting articles, suggest that personalization is indeed the future of the internet. These articles, while not cited by page number as they are online, do show that personalization is occurring. This however, is leading to decreased privacy over the web. This is a primary point Pariser…...

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Works Cited

Alexander, Christopher, Sara Ishikawa, and Murray Silverstein.. A Pattern Language: Towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press. 1977.

Battelle, John. The Search: How Google and its rivals rewrote the rules of business and transformed our culture. New York: Portfolio, 2005.

"Black hates, grey hairs. A shake-up in the hacker underground and fresh attacks suggest change is coming up to computer security." Aug 6, 2011. The Economist. Retrieved:  http://www.economist.com/node/21525372 

"Breaching the great firewall. Home-grown micro blogs are succeeding where Twitter failed."

Prescription Drug Abuse
The overall point of conversation when speaking of prescription drugs in the public and political sphere has usually focused on cost and/or ease of access among all Americans. The overall points of conversation relating to drug has often centered on drugs like heroin, cocaine, crack and marijuana. However, as time and trends have shifted, the primary focus of both overall topics has centered on the use and abuse of prescription drugs, usually certain classes of drugs such as sedatives, opiates and anti-anxiety drugs. Common drugs focused on include Xanax, any narcotic-based painkiller such as Oxycontin and sedatives or muscle relaxers such as Valium and Soma. While prescription drugs are very important to have at the ready, the likelihood and propensity towards abuse of the drugs and other legal behavior is significant and this is even true among people who obtain the drugs legally at the onset.

Analysis

As noted in…...

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References

Doyon, S., Klein-Schwartz, W., Anderson, B.A., & Welsh, C. (2013). A Novel Approach

to Informing the Public about the Risks of Overdose and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Medications. American Journal on Addictions, 22(2), 108-112.

doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00305.x

Garcia, A.M. (2013). State Laws Regulating Prescribing of Controlled Substances:

.
The two hypothetical systems working on an individual's brain during the experience of addiction are complementary within and between system changes. The first counteradaptation results in a decrease in the transmission of dopamine and serotonin release during withdrawal phases of the cycle (obinson & Berridge 2001). Effectively, dopamine and serotonin transmission is artificially increased beyond the normative range during drug use, then virtually stopped once the drug has left the body. This intensifies not only the "come down" feeling but also the preoccupation anxieties associated with substance abuse as well as the existing emotional, environmental, or social vulnerability which lead to the initial lapse. Sensitization is the component of addiction which compels an individual to continually seek greater quantities of the substance (obinson & Berridge 2001). Effectively once the brain has been exposed to a chemical which alters neural transmission, the body attempts to return to a homeostatic state.…...

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References

1. Nesse, R. (1994). An evolutionary perspective on substance abuse. Ethology and Sociobiology, 15, 339- 348.

2. Robinson, T, & Berridge, K. (2001). Mechanisms of action of addictive stimuli incentive- sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 96, 103- 114.

3. Koob, G., & Le Moal, M. (1997). Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science, 278, 52- 58.

4. Brown, J.M., & Miller, W.R. (1993). Impact of motivational interviewing on participation and outcome in residential alcoholism treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,7, 211-218.

Standardized tests are only able to measure correct multiple choice answers. They cannot measure a child's creativity, their ability to problem solve, or their ability to critically evaluate information.
The culture of achievement that has accompanied the push for higher test scores has had severe physical and psychological effects on students. Taylor (2010) claims that academic stress is the greatest source of stress faced by school-aged children. He notes that many high school and college students have turned to performance-enhancing drugs such as Adderall and italin to help them concentrate. Finally, he claims that teen suicide rates have risen drastically in recent years, particularly among girls. In summary, the ever-increasing push for higher test scores has created an academic culture where stressed out students and frustrated teachers are the norm, and where very little authentic learning actually takes place. ace to the Top's push for even higher test scores may…...

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References

Barkley, K. (2010, February 18). Officials wary of possible strings attached to race to the top initiative. Cumberland Times News. Retrieved February 19, 2010 from http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_049230436.html

Dillon, Sam. (2009, April 14). Education Standards Likely to See Toughening. New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2010 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/education/15educ.html?_r=1 

Fact Sheet: The Race to the Top. (2009, November 4). The White House: Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved February 19, 2010 from  http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-race-top 

Hamilton, J. (2009, November 12). U.S. Department of Education Opens Race to the Top Competition. Press Release. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from  http://www2.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2009/11/11122009.html

ithin the profession itself, there are many ethical debates, pertaining to medications, such as prescribing psychotropic drugs like antidepressants to adolescents, the correct times to use palliative care at the end of a patient's life, the ethics of emergency contraception and giving 'the morning after pill' and contraception to adolescents without parental consent. For pharmacists engaged in research, the appropriate use of animals in research and whom to include or exclude in clinical trials may be another issue of personal concern (Applelbe 2008). In all cases, to dispense medication means one must dispense good judgment, not simply pills and potions.

orks Cited

Pharmacy Ethics and Decision Making. (2008). Foreword by Gordon E. Appelbe. First edition.…...

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Works Cited

Pharmacy Ethics and Decision Making. (2008). Foreword by Gordon E. Appelbe. First edition.

London: Pharma Press.

Clear boundaries must be set for the child as to what is acceptable or unacceptable behavior. Older and more verbal children may be able to 'talk out' some of their anger issues with a counselor, and the counselor can probe as to why the child feels angry (Non-drug therapies for ADHD, 2005, Mental Health Matters).
Creating a new way of relating to the world for the child

For hyperactive children, behavior modification can be useful. In this therapy, good behaviors, agreed upon by the child, parent, teachers, and therapist, are rewarded and others are punished (Non-drug therapies for ADHD, 2005, Mental Health Matters). These might include sitting still for defined periods of time, not running or fidgeting at inappropriate times, and meeting other physically definite goals. Behavior modification is often deployed for younger children or children who do not yet have the capacity to engage in cognitive behavioral therapy. Including the…...

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Works Cited

Non-drug therapies for ADHD. (2005). Mental Health Matters.

Retrieved February 14, 2009 at  http://www.mental-health-matters.com/articles/article.php?artID=861 

ADHD

In addition, a number of anti-depressants may be prescribed, such as Norpramin, Elavil and Wellbutrin.
The side effects of these medications also vary, but for the most part, they cause a slower heart rate, possible seizures, dry mouth, and constipation. Yet overall, the side effects are usually minor and when the child responds favorably to the medication, it obviously outweighs the side effects. The effectiveness of these medications produce positive results in regard to sustained attention and persistence of effort. They also reduce restlessness and overall improve behavior.

In conclusion, ADHD can be a very debilitating disorder for any child, especially in regard to activities performed at home and in school. However, the future looks bright, for breakthroughs in the treatment of ADHD are on the horizon, and over the next decade, genetic testing may be available for the disorder and could lead to safer and more effective medications for the…...

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Bibliography

American Academy of Pediatrics. ADHD: A Complete and Authoritative Guide. New York: Independent Publishing Group, 2003.

Baughman, Fred a. "Hyperactivity Disorder Tied to Brain Irregularities." Internet.

ADHDFraud.com. December 11, 2004. Accessed April 19, 2005. http://www.adhdfraud.com/frameit.asp?src=commentary.htm.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Internet.

Methylphenidate is part of a therapy regimen for the control of the symptoms of Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD in adults and children (Ogbru 2013, Medline Plus 2012). It stimulates the central nervous system similarly as amphetamines but more mildly. The effects of methylphenidate are also more noticeable on mental activities than in physical movements. It also is used in treating narcolepsy and Attention Deficit Disorder or ADD. Stimulants control these symptoms by changing the amount of natural substances in the brain responsible for the conditions. ut both classes of stimulants are carefully used because of their potential abuse. They calm the patient, reduce their hyperactivity and increase attention span. FDA approved methylphenidate in 1955 (Ogbru, MedlinePlus).
Generic and Trade Names

Generic names -- methylphenidate, Methylphenidylacetate hydrochloride

Trade names -- Concerta, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Adderall

Toxicity and Side Effects

It is to be used with cause on patients with relatives who suffer from Tourette's…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Medline Plus. Methylphenidate. National Library of Medicine: National Institute

Health, 2012. Retrieved on August 24, 2013 from  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682188.html 

NIDA. Drug Facts. National Institute on Drug Abuse: National Institute of Health,

2009. Retrieved on August 24, 2013 from drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/stiulant-adhd-medications-methylpheidate-amphetamineshttp://www,

Addressing the Alarming Rise in ADHD Diagnoses
The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses has skyrocketed in recent decades, particularly among children. This has raised concerns about overdiagnosis, the potential for misdiagnosis, and the appropriate use of medication for this condition. To effectively address this complex issue, society must adopt a multifaceted approach that encompasses:
1. Enhanced Diagnostic Criteria:
Establishing more rigorous diagnostic criteria for ADHD can help reduce overdiagnosis. The current criteria, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), rely primarily on subjective reports from parents and teachers. Incorporating objective measures, such as neuropsychological assessments and....