Terrorism
Scope and Direction

The 911 Commission eport focuses on the specificities of the September 11 terrorist attack and the nature of Al Qaeda as a threat to domestic security. Its scope is narrower in focus than either the National Security Strategy or the National Strategy for Counterterrorism. The National Security Strategy (2015) is the most generalized of these three documents. Issues like climate change, poverty, health, and the economy comingle in the National Security Strategy (2015), which presumes that security requires a multifaceted and complex approach. The National Strategy for Counterterrorism (2011) is more focused than the National Security Strategy (2015), but broader than the 9/11 Commission eport, because it addresses threats from all regions of the globe, including domestic terrorism. In terms of overall direction, these three documents reveal the commitment of the United States government and its various institutions to protecting the interests of the nation and its allies.…...

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References

The 9/11 Commission Report (n.d.). Retrieved online:  http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf 

National Security Strategy (2015). Retrieved online: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy.pdf

National Strategy for Counterterrorism (2011). Retrieved online: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/counterterrorism_strategy.pdf

Intelligence, Information Sharing, and the 9/11 Commission Report Intelligence versus information
There two terms are fundamentally different for a number of reasons. The reason the terms are different can be decoded by investigating the ‘why’ from the information gathered. According to Lance (2017) the ‘how’ or ‘what’ is not important in decoding intelligence information. The resource needed to produce valued and true intelligence is by understanding why. The sole purpose any entity receives finished intelligence is to make it possible for the entity to make strategic, operational and tactical decisions with the information received. The media takes information received and takes steps towards transforming this information into stories hence creating actionable intelligence. In essence, according to Lance (2017) intelligence changes the how and what in information into when and why in the process of decision making. Information only becomes finished intelligence through detailed analysis of that information.
Tallmadge (2016) defines information as knowledge…...

911 as Justification to Invade Iraq
The war in Iraq may or may not have been justified for humanitarian or ideological reasons, depending on one's perspective. American leaders who favored war with Iraq used the frightened public mood, after 9/11, to maneuver opinion toward favoring the war, supposedly for America's safety. According to "Clarke's Take on Terror"

In the aftermath of Sept. 11, President Bush ordered his then top anti-terrorism adviser to look for a link between Iraq and the attacks, despite being told there didn't seem to be one . . . The

charge comes from the adviser, Richard Clarke . . . Clarke says that as early as the day after the attacks, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was pushing for retaliatory strikes on Iraq,

even though al Qaeda was based in Afghanistan . . . Clarke suggests the idea took him so aback, he initally [sic] thought Rumsfeld was joking.

Another…...

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Works Cited

Bamford, James. A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence

Agencies. New York: Doubleday, 2004. Back Flap.

"Clarke's Take on Terror." 60 Minutes [online]. March 21, 2004. Retrieved May 2, 2005,

from: .

History Policing, the Law Enforcement Industry America, Police ole Society and the Functions Policing America; a critical analysis
A critical analysis: History Policing; the Law Enforcement Industry America; Police ole Society and the Functions Policing America

History of Policing

Formalized local government-based policing in America began in the late 1820s in the largest American cities. Early police officers were not considered to be professional with respect to social status. In fact, the terms professional and police were not likely to appear together. Policemen in this historical period were typically not much more than watchmen. It wasn't until the turn of the 20th century that professionalism began to characterize American police. It is mostly agreed that the professionalization of the police in the United States began with the efforts of August Vollmer. (Douthit, 1975).

Vollmer was the first Chief of Police of Berkeley, California, elected as the town Marshall in 1905. By the time of…...

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References

911 Commission Report (2004), Washington, D.C.: GAO.

Crank, John P. (2003), "Institutional Theory of Police: A Review of the State of the Art," Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 26 (2): 186- 207.

Douthit, Nathan (1975), "August Vollmer, Berkeley's First Chief of Police, and the Emergence of Police Professionalism," California Historical Quarterly, 54), spring: 101-124.

Goldstein, Herman (1979), "Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach," Crime and Delinquency, 25: 236-58.

"Muslims from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Southeast Asia, and beyond fought side by side, forging relationships and creating a cadre of veterans who shared a powerful life experience, a more global view,..."
Jenkins 3)

This experience was bolstered by the victory over the Soviet Union, which consequently strengthened the organization. However, the Afghan veterans, on returning to their various homes, were viewed with suspicion by the different governments and regimes and were often seen as a political threat. Due to this factor, these veterans were susceptible to new campaigns and ideologies.

Jenkins provides a clear outline of the motivational genesis of Al Qa'ida after the Afghan resistance.

There were ample reasons and opportunities to continue the fight: the Gulf War and the consequent arrival of American troops in Saudi Arabia; the continued repression of Islamic challenges to local regimes; armed struggles in Algeria, Egypt, the newly independent Muslim republics of the former Soviet…...

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Bibliography

Abuza, Zachary. "Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya." Contemporary Southeast Asia 25.2 (2003): 169+. Questia. 1 July 2005  http://www.questia.com/ .

AL QAEDA'S GRAND STRATEGY: SUPERPOWER BAITING. 2004. Accessed June 30, 2005.  http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2004/05/al_qaedas_grand.html 

AL-QAEDA: SOC. June 30, 2005.  http://www.specialoperations.com/Terrorism/Terrorist_Groups/al_qaeda2.htm 

Al Qa'ida: Terrorism Files. June 29, 2005. http://www.terrorismfiles.org/organisations/al_qaida.html

The most appropriate use of state and local law enforcement counter-terrorism resources (beyond soft target protection and small-scale tactical response) is in a role far less glamorous than preventing the large scale unconventional attacks that present the greatest danger domestically. ather than focusing on prevention, local and state agencies must develop effective implementation plans for orderly evacuation of those unharmed by the initial attack but still located within close enough proximity to suffer from its immediate aftermath. One of their most valuable contributions would be, very simply, emergency management preparation to distribute federally supplied "push packs" each containing approximately seventeen large truckloads of emergency supplies and medications designed to be provided immediately to any area attacked on a large scale by terrorists because antibiotics and the other vital materials in the packs are not any help if they are left sitting on airport tarmacs where federal responsibility for their deployment…...

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References

Larsen, R. (2007) Our Own Worst Enemy. Grand Central Publishing: New York.

GPO. (2004) the 9/11 Commission Report. Accessed September 20, 2007, at www.gpoaccess.gov/911/.

911 Attack
Communication is among the highest critical success factors in the event of an emergency. Some forms of communication are more effective than others in certain scenarios. Furthermore, technology plays a vital role in the ability to communicate with stakeholders. Some technologies are adequate to serve as the framework for communication between individuals, agencies, and the public while others are not as functional. After the events of September 11th, 2001, there were significant communication challenges that hindered the effectiveness of the first responders.

As volume of different communications increased drastically with people trying to reach out to loved ones and acquire relevant news of the events. However, this acted to overwhelm the system and max out its capacity. There were even come response teams that had to send messengers to other in order to communicate between various groups. This paper will analyze some of the communication failures that were present…...

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Works Cited

AP. (2007, December 5). Communication Breakdown on 9/11. Retrieved from CBS News:  http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-224_162-618272.html 

Harwood, M. (2011, August 17). Former DHS Chief Calls Interoperable Communications Failure "a National Disgrace." Retrieved from Security Management:  http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/former-dhs-chief-calls-interoperable-communications-failure-a-national-disgrace-008904 

Margolin, J. (2011, March 7). Radio problems from 9/11 not fixed, could strike again. Retrieved from NY Post:  http://nypost.com/2011/03/07/radio-problems-from-911-not-fixed-could-strike-again/ 

Mittelsadt, M. (2004, May 19). Panel: Communication problems hampered 9/11 response. Retrieved from The Battalion: http://www.thebatt.com/2.8485/panel-communication-problems-hampered-9-11-response-1.1205160#.UkXELYZvPCk

911 tragedy, many politicians and airline industry representatives began to search for improvements to the Airline Traffic Control system, or ATC. These improvements were deigned to increase security and safety for all flight personnel, as well as for all passengers. This paper will outline some of the changes made to the ATC systems, and will discuss the benefits of each new policy or procedure.
One of the most significant changes to ATC has been the implementation of key technology, deployed at the headquarters of NOAD, located in Colorado Springs. This technology, known as Explorer, enables the NOAD team to monitor all commercial aircraft flying across the country at any given time. Previously, the technology had been used solely to monitor for incoming missiles, or military planes (Carr and Cone, 2002). The FAA also added a staff of air traffic controllers to the NOAD base, as well as in many busy…...

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References

Belger, M. (2004, June). Written testimony to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Retrieved online April 29, 2005 from Global Security. Web site:  http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/9-11_commission/040617-belger.pdf .

Carr, D. And Cone, E. (2002, April). When air traffic control became national defense. Baseline, 3, 163.

FAA. (2002). Part 6: air traffic services. 2002 Security Updates. Retrieved online April 29, 2005 from FAA.website. Web site:  http://www.faa.gov/asd/2002Update/PDF/AT_services.pdf .

Griffith, J. (2004, June). Written testimony to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Retrieved online April 29, 2005 from Global Security. Web site:  http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/9-11_commission/040617-griffith.pdf .

Bureaucracies can become self-justifying systems, and replicate ineffective administrative behaviors long after they have ceased to work. The Winter Commission eport (1993) was an attempt to provide advice to states and the federal government on the subject of civil service reform. Both bureaucratic as well as political reforms were deemed necessary to 'clean up' the civil service system and render it more effective in addressing the needs of the public. For some states such as Georgia, this has meant eliminating the traditional examination-based hierarchies and systems in which employees had virtual guaranteed employment for life, and instead employing administrators 'at will' (Nigro & Kellough 2008: 550). Merit-based systems have fallen out of favor and there has been greater deference to the independent opinions of managers to decide which employees can provide superior service to the public.
However, the Winter Commission's view of the civil service system was far from dismissive and…...

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References

Kenney, John. (2011). Who owns snow? The New Yorker. Retrieved:

 http://www.newyorker.com/humor/2011/01/17/110117sh_shouts_kenney#ixzz1AdxbOeCH%3Cbr%20/%3E 

Van Ryzin, G.G., Immerwahr, S., & Altman, S. (2008). Measuring street cleanliness:

A comparison of New York City's scorecard and results from a citizen survey. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 295-303. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1435702201).

Fourth Amendment
It is a traditional belief in America that a man's home is his castle, meaning that he is lord and master of his home and no one may enter, not even the government, without his permission. This was such an important issue among the American colonists that it was included into the Constitution when they broke away from Great Britain. In short, the fourth amendment states that no private property could be searched or seized without a proper warrant; and a warrant could not be issued without due cause. Over time belief in this absolute principle has gradually softened and a number of exceptions to this rule have come into place. Police and other authorities have been given exceptions to this rule in certain circumstances and it is not uncommon for evidence, that was gathered without a warrant, to be accepted in a trial. This is the situation in…...

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References

"Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure." U.S. Government Printing Office.

Retrieved from  http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2002/pdf/GPO -

CONAN-2002-9-5.pdf

Georgia v. Randolph, 278 G. 614,604 S.E. 2d 835. (2006). Retrieved from  http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/04-1067/#writing-ZS

George W. Bush White House [...] Bush's appointment of Condoleezza ice and her success in the George W. Bush cabinet. The Bush White House has been shedding cabinet members since re-election in November, but one member who has stayed and moved up the ranks is Secretary Condoleezza ice. She seems to be the most strategic choice to replace Colin Powell as Secretary of State, and her tenure should bring cohesiveness to the President's Cabinet that may have been lacking before.
Elected in 2000 after eight years of Democratic leadership in the White House, George W. Bush began his first term as president in January 2001. One of his first appointments was his National Security Advisor, Condoleezza ice. Dr. ice was born on November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama. She graduated cum laude in political science from the University of Denver in 1974, received her Master's in 1975, and her PhD.…...

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References

Editors "Condoleezza Rice Biography." Whitehouse.gov. July 2004. 7 Dec. 2004.

<  http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ricebio.html 

Lakely, James G. "Rice to Testify Publicly about 9/11; Will Be Last Bush Official to Do So." The Washington Times 31 Mar. 2004: A01.

Waller, J. Michael. "Bush doctrine on Free-World Safety: The New National Security Strategy Abandons the Relativism of Old in Favor of What Condoleezza Rice Has Called 'Distinctly American Internationalism." Insight on the News 15 Oct. 2002: 30+.

modernity, the idea of culture and groups has become complex and morphed into an amalgamation of definitions surrounding the idea of just what it is that defines a community. The idea of "community" as a political or sociological concept, has taken on new meaning in the 21st century era of globalization. First, however, it is important to understand the basic idea of community, as well as the political, social and cultural changes that result in a need for a different definition of what community means and how it influences the individual's life.
In general, the idea of community conveys two rather distinct messages. It is often used to refer to a social unit of varying size that shares common values, or a national or international community in which the individuals have something unique or a set of principles and beliefs that are common to most of the group. In science,…...

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REFERENCES

"9-11: The Basics." 2012. Septterror.tripod.com. March 2014. .

Anderson, B. Imqagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 2006. Print.

CNN Network. "Stars and Stripes and Security Lines." September 2013. 9-11 The Ripple Effect. Web. February 2014. .

Effland, R. "The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations." 1998. Mesa Community College. February 2014. .

1-15). One may note that this amount is offset by a reduction in Federal Aid of $-2,596,200, a 29.4% drop (p. 1-15_. Educational expenses and operating the cities' public schools is by far the costliest budgetary item. This is followed by provision of police and fire services.
Costliest Line Item per Department

Department

Amount

Legislative

Personnel Services

Executive

Personnel Services

Constitutional

Personnel Services

Personnel Services

Judicial

Personnel Services

Office of Elections

Personnel Services

General Management

Personnel Services

Non-Departmental Appropriations

Employee Compensation Increases

Community Development

Personnel Services

Parks, ecreation, and Cultural

Personnel Services

Public Health and Assistance

Personnel Services

Public Safety

Personnel Services

Public Works

Personnel Services

Debt Service

Debt Principal

Source: All data was obtained from the Expenditure Summary of the appropriate department section of the budget report.

The biggest expense in every department listed in the report was personnel and/or personnel related expenditures. Personnel services are the largest portion of the city budget and represent the area that can be trimmed in order to return the city to a healthy fiscal position. In term of the entire budget, personnel costs…...

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References

City of Norfolk. FY 2008 Approved Departmental Budget. The Office of Budget and Management. www.norfolk.gov/budget/2008_Depts.asp. Accessed August 24.

Critical Thinking for Homeland Security
The capacity of a government to protect its citizens pivots on the ability of its leaders and high-placed specialists to think critically. Few times in history point so clearly to this principle than the 9/11 disaster. In 1941, the same year that the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred, Edward M. Glaser published a book titled, An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking. Glaser's practice of psychiatry was remarkable in that he dispensed with the Freudian deep dive into past events, pushing his patients to deal with problem solving in the present -- a critical thinking practice he called reality therapy. Many of Glaser's tenets were adopted by other disciplines because of their universal utility and association with positive results. Glaser defined critical thinking as, "A persistent effort to examine any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the evidence that supports or…...

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Reference

Albert Einstein. Brainy Quotes. Retrieved from  http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/albert_einstein.html 

Chow, D. (2011, January 25). Space Shuttle Challenger disaster FAQ: What went wrong? www.SPACE.com. Retrieved from  http://www.space.com/10677-challenger-tragedy-overview.html 

Eichorn, R. (2012). Developing thinking skills: Critical thinking at the Army Management Staff College. Fort Belvoir, VA: Strategic Systems Department. [Webpage, last modified: 4 2012 January.] Retreived from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/critical/roy.htm

Glaser, E.M. (1941). An experiment in the development of critical thinking. New York, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University.

esearch also showed that offenders tend to be part of or return to communities with high concentrations of offenders. The concentration of offenders in these neighborhoods affects the community negatively by increasing the stigma associated with the community and also saddling the community with additional problems without providing added resources needed for restoring or maintaining order. The ultimate consequence is the that the criminal justice system destabilizes informal networks of social control and increases poor attitudes towards formal social controls, both of which have been shown to contribute to increases in crime and disorder in the communities. Churning results in unnecessary pressure being put on the other residents of the communities who are law-abiding in disadvantaged communities. The removal of men from the community through incarceration has the chilling effect of changing the family's socio-economic structure. The families of incarcerated members, especially men, of the community also face stigma…...

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References

Burke, K. And Leben, S. (2007). Procedural Fairness: A key Ingredient in Public Satisfaction.

Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association. 44 (1), 4-25.

Davis, A.J. (2008). Racial Fairness in the Criminal Justice System: The Role of the Prosecutor. Colombia Human Rights Law Review. 202 (39), 202-32.

Hurwitz, J and Peffley, M. (2001). Racial Polarization on Criminal Justice Issues: