According to Harlan (2004), "Sample retention is problematic not only because of these individuals' innocence, but also because of the resulting availability of sensitive genetic information and the lack of legislative and jurisprudential protections guarding release of the information" (p. 179). This point is also made by Beecher-Monas and Garcia-ill (2006), who caution that modern DNA identification techniques can be used to extrapolate far more than just an individual's identity, but with some profound social consequences involved. These authors write, "DNA identification testing has become commonplace in the courts, transforming the criminal justice system, demonstrating innocence, and identifying perpetrators. Already it is clear that DNA testing will be used as a way of predicting which medical treatments will be effective. With predictive medicine becoming a reality, surely predicting human behavior cannot be far behind" (emphasis added) (Beecher-Monas & Garcia-ill, 2006, p. 301).
1. Fragment sizes. According to Gonzalez and his…...

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References

Akram, S.M. (2002). The aftermath of September 11, 2001: The targeting of Arabs and Muslims in America. Arab Studies Quarterly, 61.

Beecher-Monas, E., & Garcia-Rill, E. (2006). Genetic predictions of future dangerousness: Is there a blueprint for violence? Law and Contemporary Problems, 69(1-2), 301.

Butterfield, F. (1996, July 14).U.S. has plan to broaden availability of DNA testing. New York Times.

Carroll, G. (2007). Proven guilty: An examination of the penalty-free world of post-conviction DNA testing. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 97(2), 665.

/11 Commission
/11 brought considerable changes to the United States in terms of policy building and immigration laws. It was an even that should have never taken place. During the Clinton administration, U.S. Embassies were bombed by Al Qaeda to which President Clinton responded by cruise missile attacks and the CIA hired assassins to kill Bin Laden. Clinton also pressurized the Taliban to expel Bin Laden but it was of no use. In the year 2000 Clinton tried to get Bin Laden expelled again and efforts were made with the opponents of Taliban, the Northern Alliance to gather intelligence to kill Bin Laden. The CIA proposed the use of the unmanned reconnaissance aircraft to gain better intelligence data on Bin Laden. Towards the end of the year there was an attack on the U.S.S. Cole but there was no hardcore evidence that Bin Laden had given the order. The CIA labeled…...

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9/11 brought considerable changes to the United States in terms of policy building and immigration laws. It was an even that should have never taken place. During the Clinton administration, U.S. Embassies were bombed by Al Qaeda to which President Clinton responded by cruise missile attacks and the CIA hired assassins to kill Bin Laden. Clinton also pressurized the Taliban to expel Bin Laden but it was of no use. In the year 2000 Clinton tried to get Bin Laden expelled again and efforts were made with the opponents of Taliban, the Northern Alliance to gather intelligence to kill Bin Laden. The CIA proposed the use of the unmanned reconnaissance aircraft to gain better intelligence data on Bin Laden. Towards the end of the year there was an attack on the U.S.S. Cole but there was no hardcore evidence that Bin Laden had given the order. The CIA labeled its findings as preliminary judgment and thus the Clinton administration could not initiate a military attack. CIA's lack of evidence hindered the process and the Clinton administration had to wait till more evidence appeared thus the actions which President Clinton were very limited and constrained to only diplomatic pressure.

Soon President Bush took control of the presidential office but the matter of USS Cole was still pending. He accepted that the attack on the U.S.S. Cole was ordered by Bin Laden and the Bush administration, not wanting to wage military action, started to devise a plan to eliminate Al Qaeda in about three to five years. He was briefed that Al Qaeda is planning more attacks but the report stated that the attacks were to be carried out overseas and not on American soil. As a result security measures were being taken overseas rather than within the United States. Diplomatic steps were being taken and pressure was to be put on the Taliban and on Pakistan to expel Bin Laden from Afghanistan. Moreover information about the use of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft was conveyed and measures were being taken to arm it with a missile so as to kill Bin Laden. Approval from Bush was required and he was to sign the approval on September 11, 2001, the day when the tragedy occurred and millions died.

Lack of intelligence on Bin Laden's location and whereabouts delayed actions that could be taken by the two administrations. Clinton also faced the problem of not enough evidence regarding the U.S.S. Cole otherwise he would have utilized other measures. Bush was planning to eradicate Bin Laden and as the threat was regarding attacks to occur overseas; his plans did not include any direct military action on Bin Laden or the Taliban who had given him shelter. These factors limited the decisions and action that the two administrations took.

9/11 Commission eport -- Prisoner's Dilemma
'Cooperation is usually analyzed in game theory by means of a non-zero-sum game called the 'Prisoner's Dilemma'" (Anonymous). Basically this game has two players who have two options. They can either choose to "defect" or "cooperate." An example is seen where the police takes two suspects into custody for interrogation. If suspect A chooses to defect i.e. he confesses his involvement in the crime and testifies about the involvement of suspect B, then he has a chance to go free. If suspect B. cooperates i.e. he does not testify, whereas suspect A does, then suspect A will go free whereas suspect B. will go to jail. However, if both defect then none of them go free and both serve time but for a comparatively lesser amount of time. If both of them remain silent then minor charges would be put against them and they would…...

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REFERENCES:

(1) Anonymous - The Prisoners' Dilemma [online website] Available from:   [Accessed on: 15/09/2005]http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/PRISDIL.html 

Even if we do not trust a specific President, there is no denying that they know things we do not. It must be necessary for them, from time to time, to persuade the nation. The use of a persuasive rhetoric in this instance may be justified. And especially when a President uses rhetoric to invite a response from the audience and critics, as Zarefsky notes, I can appreciate the President's intention.
I am in general very skeptical of any form of government control. I strongly believe that in a democratic state, citizens should have access to free choice and free flow of information. If the citizens can make responsible decisions based on what they themselves figure out, that makes democratic institutions strong. Therefore, I am very skeptical of any attempt by any organization to control or filter the Internet. So, I started reading Timothy Thomas's article "Al Qaeda and the…...

9//11 Commission: Uni, Bi, And Multipower Systems of Power
Unipolar balances of power are international political systems where one major power dominates the globe. They are traditionally seen as more stable than are bipolar systems, where two powerful superpowers are locked in conflict and use weaker states in their mutual power plays. Multipolar systems, as existed in Europe the period before World War I, are seen as the most volatile and unstable balances of power.

owever, unipolar systems are not always more stable -- the United States may be the major superpower of the immediate post-Cold War period, yet small ethnic conflicts were rife after the end of the Cold War. The period between 1945-1990 is often characterized as bipolar, because of the tensions of the Cold War period that divided the 'free' and communist spheres. Other scholars call it unipolar, in the sense that one major conflict dominated the globe to…...

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However, unipolar systems are not always more stable -- the United States may be the major superpower of the immediate post-Cold War period, yet small ethnic conflicts were rife after the end of the Cold War. The period between 1945-1990 is often characterized as bipolar, because of the tensions of the Cold War period that divided the 'free' and communist spheres. Other scholars call it unipolar, in the sense that one major conflict dominated the globe to all others.

There was a complex dynamic between the two major powers of the United States and the Soviet Union during this period. Not all conflicts in the world were between the superpowers, but the superpowers attempted to become involved in all regional conflicts. For example, the Vietnamese communist forces of Ho Chi Minn saw themselves as nationalist forces, rather than allied with the Soviet Union, yet the U.S. still felt compelled to intervene. China was alienated from the U.S.S.R. But was still a communist power. France disassociated itself from NATO, the primary alliance of the West, and was contemned by the U.S. And the Islamic world was divided between religions rather than politics, although the Soviet Union attempted to support anti-Israeli forces. However, despite these multipolar displays of regional conflict, both superpowers claimed an interest in virtually every world conflict, stretching from Latin America to Asia, and reduced these conflicts to their ideological terms, in their own worldviews.

Thus, the period could be characterized as bipolar because of the two powers involved, or unipolar in terms of the singular focus of its conflict between communist-supported and American-supported powers. Also, despite world fears about nuclear conflict, this period proved to be relatively stable in 'unipolar' terms for the citizens of both nations, even if regional actors suffered in smaller conflagrations, unlike the current period of terrorist fears and threats.

(Committee on House Administration 2003)
The economical damage caused by the violent actions on human lives and infrastructure may be classified into direct and indirect damages. The city of New York was supported with assistance from various organizations from the state, nongovernmental, federal and local front to bring the situation under control. Direct damages included the lives of people, infrastructure, business establishments, appliances and gadgets in offices, telephone, power, travel facilities, airlines and automobiles. There were expenses involved to handle the situation, cleaning the site and the destructed building. Other expenses included emergency health assistance, medical support for health problems, wounds and assistance provided to stabilize the mental condition of the affected people. (Kingsbury 2002)

Indirect damages included returns from employment of a person, gains from business establishments which were terminated for the time being or forever due to the loss of office and equipment, loss incurred by business establishment which…...

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References

Committee on House Administration. 2003. Hearing on security updates since September 11, 2001: hearing before the... DIANE Publishing

Crockatt, Richard. 2003. America Embattled: September 11, Anti-Americanism, and the Global

Order. Routledge. London.

Kingsbury, Nancy R. 2002. Review of studies of the economic impact of the September 11, 2001:

In terms of coming up with affected population estimated, World Trade Center personnel, officials involved with New York City census operations, the police, and fire department will all be useful in estimating the population of the buildings and the surrounding areas.
Type of Studies Needed:

Determining the full extent of the health impacts of this event will require longitudinal studies to be undertaken, however this is clearly not possible in the immediate term. For now, some experimental studies on non-human subjects might need to be conducted to determine short-term exposure effects, studies on levels of inhalation of substances should be conducted on individuals both for their own health benefit and to establish data that will be useful in identifying and treating others, and reviews/meta-analyses of existing research literature regarding the substances involved and the potential outcomes should also be conducted. In essence, only observational and some non-human experimental study designs will…...

9/11 survivors search for normalcy" by Anemona Hartocollis, survivors of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 still fight psychological and physical demons, long after the rest of the world has attained a state of 'normalcy' and the attacks are no longer a foreground concern in the media. Lauren Manning, a former employee of Cantor Fitzgerald, can no longer lead a normal life and counts herself lucky to be alive after surviving having nearly 80% of her body severely burned. Although the symbolic language of mourning in our society tends to focus upon the fallen, or those who lost love ones, Hartocollis implies that this tends to ignore people whose lives were irrevocably changed through injury.
The focus of the article is to understand the perspective of these injured victims, according to the sociological principle of verstehen (putting one's self in another's shoes in a spirit of understanding and community) and understanding…...

Mayblum's language of teamwork is simple and straightforward in its diction. But Robert Stone's essay advances a far more complex issue, as he attempts to deal with the psychological impact of the crisis. Stone's thesis is the unreality of the horror, which was so shocking that it was "experienced" as "something fictive, because the mindset of the suicide bombers is so alien to our culture. "We saw in the shocking elemental collision that our conscious minds denied the violent assault of one narrative system upon another. People deeply enclosed in their sanctified worldview were carrying out what they experienced as a sacred command to annihilate the Other." Stone attempts to not understand the event from the outside, as an American, but to provide some explanation from within the mind of the bomber, for why such events occurred. Stone's central thesis is that if one can understand the mindset, one can…...

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It is always instructive to read different narrative reflections upon historical events, but seldom does a reader have a chance to read two essays upon an event that will surely pass into history as an occurrence of seismic importance, from his or her lifetime. Moreover, Adam Mayblum's "The Price We Pay" and Robert Stone's "In the Mind's Eye of the Bomber," both offer fresh yet contrasting perspectives upon the tragedies that occurred on September 11th, 2001, before this event has assumed a kind of concrete and fixed status in the collective memory of American history.

The thesis of Adam Mayblum's essay "The Price We Pay," is that September 11th was the result of the profound symbolism America had incurred, as the embodiment of freedom as well around the world. "Today the images that people around the world equate with power and democracy are gone, but "America" is not [just] an image [or a nation], it is a concept. That concept is only strengthened by our pulling together as a team." Mayblum sees the attacks as an assault upon the principles of freedom and democracy, as well as upon American citizens and our collective national security. He uses the figurative language of the 'team' of democratic adherents to stress the simple, eloquent message that this was not just an attack upon America, but upon a particular way of life that many nations, including our own hold dear.

Mayblum's language of teamwork is simple and straightforward in its diction. But Robert Stone's essay advances a far more complex issue, as he attempts to deal with the psychological impact of the crisis. Stone's thesis is the unreality of the horror, which was so shocking that it was "experienced" as "something fictive, because the mindset of the suicide bombers is so alien to our culture. "We saw in the shocking elemental collision that our conscious minds denied the violent assault of one narrative system upon another. People deeply enclosed in their sanctified worldview were carrying out what they experienced as a sacred command to annihilate the Other." Stone attempts to not understand the event from the outside, as an American, but to provide some explanation from within the mind of the bomber, for why such events occurred. Stone's central thesis is that if one can understand the mindset, one can better understand why the event occurred, and even while he 'fails' in this attempt, to find a perfect explanation of the mentality of the bomber, and the metaphors advanced in his essay are less concrete and more difficult for the reader to grasp than Mayblum's idea of a team, Stone's ultimately more ambitious essay provides an important, added dimension to the understanding of September 11th.

Shared Information in Terrorist Attacks
Many press reports, and to some extent the 9/11 Commission eport, referred to the failure to share information as one reason the U.S. was unable to prevent the terrorist attacks of 9/11/01.

Just days after the terrorist attacks in Paris by self-professed operatives of Al-Qaeda in Yemin, this discussion could not be timelier or more pertinent. Once again, the pivotal significance of integrated counterterrorist intelligence -- coupled with the inescapable issue of the scope and magnitude inherent in anti-terrorism -- was made tragically salient.

Cite at least two specifics that point to this being true or why not.

After six months of escalating terrorist chatter, a meeting was held on July 5, 2001, at which "representative from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), the FAA, the Coast Guard, the Secret Service, Customs, the CIA, and the FBI met with Clarke to discuss the current threat," but attendees recall being…...

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References

Mueller, R.S. III. (Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation). Ten years after 9/11 are we safer? Statement Before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Washington, D.C. On September 13, 2011. Retrieved from  http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/ten-years-after-9-11-are-we-safer 

National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS). 2000. The National Intelligence Model.

Retrieved from  http://www.intelligenceanalysis.net/National%20Intelligence%20Model.pdf 

The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan, U.S. Department of Justice (2005). National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan.

The Failures of the Intelligence Community Leading to 9/11IntroductionThe investigation of the 9/11 terrorist attacks revealed a massive failure of the U.S. intelligence community. Despite numerous signs pointing to an impending terrorist attack, the intelligence community failed to prevent the deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil. One of the main issues was the lack of coordination and seriousness among the various branches of US intelligence. This paper discusses these failures and also what lessons were learned and changes made by the US intelligence community.Failures Leading up to 9/11There are several key areas where the intelligence community, notably the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), failed to cooperate effectively with other law enforcement agencies leading up to 9/11.The communication and coordination problem between intelligence agencies has been widely discussed in reports and academic literature about the pre-9/11 intelligence failures.[footnoteRef:1] This lack of communication was a significant…...

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Bibliography

Derksen, Kevin Michael. "Commentary: The logistics of actionable intelligence leading to 9/11." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 28, no. 3 (2005): 253-268.

Fishel, Kimbra L. "Intelligence Reform." American Intelligence Journal 37, no. 1 (2020): 54-61.

Haddal, Chad C. "Border security: key agencies and their missions." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, 2009.

Shenon, Philip and Eric Lichtblau, “Threats and Responses: The Overview,” The New York Times, April 15, 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/15/us/threats-responses-overview-sept-11-panel-cites-cia-for-failures-terror-case.html

9/11 ATTACKSSecurity Posture of the United States Before and After 9/11 AttacksIntroductionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that if there was one thing that the 9/11 terror attacks made clear, it was that the national security of this great nation was inadequate. The fact that terrorists could plan and execute an attack of this nature and scale was a clear indication that the countrys national security apparatus needed to be revamped. The terror attach, as well as an evaluation of the events leading up to the terror attack resulted in the formation of the Department of Homeland Security. This text concerns itself with the security posture of the country before and after 9/11.DiscussionLawson, Bersin and Kayyem (2020) correctly point out that prior to the 9/11 terror attacks, the countrys experience with terror attacks on its own soil could only be described as intermittent. As the authors further…...

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References

Abbas, A.E., Tambe, M. & Winterfeldt, D. (2017). Improving Homeland Security Decisions. Cambridge University Press.

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network – FINCEN (2020). Section 314(b) Fact Sheet.  https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/shared/314bfactsheet.pdf 

Harvey, F.P. (2012). The Homeland Security Dilemma: Fear, Failure and the Future of American Insecurity. Routledge.

Annotated BibliographyBashir, F., & Aman, S. (2021). US Security Assistance to Pakistan in Post 9/11 Period.FWU Journal of Social Sciences,15(2), 96-116.Bashir and Aman (2021) explain that trust between the US and Pakistan is deeply tied to aid and security: Since the Obama Administration, the US has reduced the amount of aid and security it has provided to Pakistan, thus deteriorating whatever trust had appreciated under the Bush Administration post-9/11. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that intelligence suggests a military coup is underway. Based on what Bashir and Aman (2021) reveal, it should be recommended that the US get word to Pakistani leaders about restoring trust through aid and security initiatives that can help re-establish Pakistan-US relations. Bashir and Aman are experts in their fields; Bashir holds a PHD and teaches at the Islamia College Peshawar, while Aman is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science. Both…...

Terror ecommendations
# 16 The Department of Homeland Security, properly supported by the Congress, should complete, as quickly as possible, a biometric entry-exit screening system, including a single system for speeding qualified travelers. It should be integrated with the system that provides benefits to foreigners seeking to stay in the United States.

This particular recommendation has failed miserably since the time of its suggestion by the 9/11 commission. Immigration into the United States goes largely unchecked, much less checked by any type of biometric screening system. Although this appears to be a failure of massive proportion, it does not seem to be too impactful as history has proven us.

While the borders of the United States are too wide and expansive too have any real deterrent to keep people out, a biometric entry system would not have much good if these entry points were monitored. The development of big data, and the massiveness…...

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References

M6A1 Group Project Form.

The National Counterterrorism Center (nd). Viewed 6 April 2014. Retrieved from  http://www.nctc.gov/whatwedo.html

9/11 and the ITPA
Under the National Security Act of 1947, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was charged with the task of coordinating all national intelligence activities within the U.S. government. One major reason for this change was the failure of coordination and analysis across the intelligence agencies in predicting the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Indeed, so glaring were the failures to 'connect the dots' in determining the intentions of the Japanese that they gave rise to at least as many conspiracy theories as the September 11 attacks, such as the idea that Franklin oosevelt knew about the attack in advance and permitted it to happen so the U.S. would enter the Second World War. In practice, the coordination of intelligence activities never really occurred, and many similar failures occurred in the future, such as the CIA's inability to predict the outbreak of the Korean War or Chinese…...

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REFERENCES

Best, R.A. And A. Cumming. (2011). "Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals." Congressional Research Service. 7-7500, January 12, 2011.

Fingar, T. (2008). "Analytic Transformation: Unleashing the Potential of a Community of Analysts." Office of the Director of National Intelligence, September 1, 2008.

Hearing of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. (2007). Progress on Intelligence Reform, January 23, 2007.

Progress on Intelligence Reform. (2007). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Statement to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 23, 2007.