20th Century Architecture
Architecture in the 20th Century

As said by a famous spokesperson, architecture aims at eternity. Throughout history, architecture has always asked for creativity and coordination from those who possess the skills to excel in this field. Throughout the course of the nineteenth century, architecture had very little to do with industrial activities and rather was only concerned with structures and monuments which symbolised the pride of a country or state. ut the dawn of the twentieth century changed it all[footnoteRef:1] (Writework 1). [1: See "What impact has technology had on architecture of the 20th century? For more information regarding the advancements of technology in the 20th century.]

The industrial revolution in many countries and the development of man's relation with the machines brought about significant changes in the field of architecture. A new ideology was adopted which revolved around mechanics and efficiency, and architecture was transformed into a means of…...

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Bibliography:

Alofsin, Anthony. "Broadacre City: The Reception of a Modernist Vision, 1932-1988." Center: A Journal of Architecture in America. 5:(1989).

Casey, Dennis, and Frank L. Wright. Stained Glass Window Designs of Frank Lloyd Wright. Mineola, N.Y: Dover, 1997. Print.

Fishman, Robert. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Print.

Fishman, Robert. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and LeCorbusier. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989.

Moreover, both viewed the distinctive opportunities afoot in helping the world to define itself along either capitalist or communist lines. To this extent, the period following orld ar II may actually be defined as a transitional phase necessary encumbered by brutal conflict. The end of feudalism and colonialism in Europe, marked most officially by the end of the II and the need for each European nation to look inward toward rebuilding, would signal a new period in the history of human governance. American and Soviet orientation would reflect new ideals, to the extent that we can define the world of the late 20th century as distinguished by efforts at redefining government orientation. ith the eras of enlightenment and industrialization now past, these European institutions were no longer plausible or relevant.
In many ways, the conflicts of the next several decades would be the natural byproduct of attempts to define some…...

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Works Cited:

Goff, R.; Moss, W.; Terry, J.; Upshur, J. & Schroeder, M. (2007). The Twentieth Century and Beyond: A Global History. McGraw-Hill Humanities, 7th edition.

Television. Perhaps as no other medium in the history of humankind, television became such an integral part of the human condition during the latter part of the 20th century that no one today can likely imagine what life would truly be like without it. Television has certainly had a major impact on American society (Chalkey, 1993). Although many children and adults are spending more time on the computer than watching television in the 21st century, people could not get enough of the medium in the 20th century. Television became enormously popular and served as a unifying cultural force, a ubiquitous purveyor of goods and services, and the "boob tube" has transformed the human condition in America ever since. According to Marilou M. Johnson (2001), "Television programming has the power to inform, to guide, to persuade and to cause audience members to react with a variety of emotions. This power is…...

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References

Chalkley, T. (July-August 1993). Technological Forecasting. The Futurist, 27(4), 13.

Chism, K.G. & Potter, L.A. (2003). Affidavit in the Case of Orville and Wilbur Wright vs.

Glenn H. Curtiss: The Legal Fight after First Flight. Social Education, 67(6), 352.

Cottrell, L.S., Jr. & Eberhart, S. (1948). American Opinion on World Affairs in the Atomic Age.

Even the success in the Spanish American war of 1898, which turned the U.S.A. into a "young empire" as it received such possessions as Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines and unlimited control over "independent" Cuba didn't make the U.S.A. A world power, as the world politics until 1918 took place mainly in the Old World.
High economical potential, which the U.S.A. acquired, by the beginning of the World War allowed it to turn into one of the most influential economies at the first half of the twentieth century. In a quite a short period of time from the debtor of European super powers it turned into their main creditor and became one of the most influential participants in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which defined the future of the after war world. he U.S.A. proved the Old world that it was not only a reliable and responsible ally, but also…...

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The development of capitalism in the U.S.A. At the second half of the nineteenth century made country of the most dynamically developing industrial states. The expansion to the West, success in Mexican war and abolition of slavery contributed to transformation of the U.S.A. into regional leader in the Western Hemisphere. In late 1890's American companies started their expansion on Latin American markets so that by the first decade of the twentieth century such companies as "United Fruit Company" and others controlled nearly all agricultural exports of Latin America, paving way for penetration of other corporations on Latin American market. Such strategy of economical expansion, supported by official American government allowed the U.S.A. not only to become the richest and the most influential country in the Western hemisphere, but it also gave it the potential to influence world politics in future. Growth of mutual economic and trade ties with major European countries: Great Britain, Germany and France, still did not give the U.S.A. A chance to be treated as equal. Such relationship to the U.S.A. was much resulted by its geographical and political isolation from geopolitical processes in the Old World. Even the success in the Spanish American war of 1898, which turned the U.S.A. into a "young empire" as it received such possessions as Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines and unlimited control over "independent" Cuba didn't make the U.S.A. A world power, as the world politics until 1918 took place mainly in the Old World.

High economical potential, which the U.S.A. acquired, by the beginning of the World War allowed it to turn into one of the most influential economies at the first half of the twentieth century. In a quite a short period of time from the debtor of European super powers it turned into their main creditor and became one of the most influential participants in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which defined the future of the after war world. The U.S.A. proved the Old world that it was not only a reliable and responsible ally, but also a financial supporter and a wise diplomat in the most delicate issues of world politics.

20th Century U.S.

.A. should intervene to this conflict mainly to insure its positions in the region and to provide "humanitarian aid" to local population struggling for independence. As a result this war turned into war against all panish possessions in the Western Hemisphere (including Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines in the Pacific).
The declaration of war to Germany had a lot of similar premises to the war with pain. First of all the U..A. was an economical donor of Allies in this war, as it declared neutrality after the war began in 1914. But undeclared u-boat war of German submarines, which led to, sank of Lusitania liner and political intrigues with Mexican government to declare war against the U..A. were directed on destabilization of American positions and could have serious consequences for the U..A. In case Germany won the war. By 1917 Central powers had big chance to win the war, especially after…...

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Such reasons were both common for entering WWI and war with Spain, in addition there existed serious objective premises to start the war. The war with Spain was declared after the contraversary and mysterious sank of battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor, 1898. The decision to declare war was also strengthened by public opinion in the U.S.A., which was very anxious about instability in Cuba, which was in prolonged war with Spain. Poverty, famine, cruelty of Spanish soldiers and inability of American companies to penetrate on Cuban market created universal opinion that the U.S.A. should intervene to this conflict mainly to insure its positions in the region and to provide "humanitarian aid" to local population struggling for independence. As a result this war turned into war against all Spanish possessions in the Western Hemisphere (including Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines in the Pacific).

The declaration of war to Germany had a lot of similar premises to the war with Spain. First of all the U.S.A. was an economical donor of Allies in this war, as it declared neutrality after the war began in 1914. But undeclared u-boat war of German submarines, which led to, sank of Lusitania liner and political intrigues with Mexican government to declare war against the U.S.A. were directed on destabilization of American positions and could have serious consequences for the U.S.A. In case Germany won the war. By 1917 Central powers had big chance to win the war, especially after Russia, led by Bolsheviks, singed peace treaty with Germany. That's why uneasy decision of the U.S.A. To enter the war was a duty of a nation to preserve civilized world from catastrophe.

20th Century U.S.

20th Century Art History's Response To New Technology
hile Norman Rockwell's 1949 magazine cover "The New Television Set" suggests both delight and humor to the viewer, in portraying the confusion of middle-class Americans faced with new technological innovations, Edward Hopper's 1940 oil on canvas work "The Office at Night" and "The Family-Industry and Agriculture" oil of printmaker Harry Sternberg (1939) suggest a much darker version of human beings' collective response to the impersonal nature of modern industrialization and technology.

This contrast is due to three major reasons -- firstly, Rockwell's painting deals with human's use of technology in their leisure time, in contrast to the mechanization of the modern office and of modern farming. Secondly, Rockwell painted his work after the end of orld ar II, and the advent of much greater American prosperity than had been enjoyed during the time when "The Family-Industry and Agriculture" by Harry Sternberg were created, during…...

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Works Cited

'Edward Hopper." Art Archive. 2005.

 http://www.artchive.com/artchive/H/hopper.html 

Knuston, Anne. "The Saturday Evening Post." The Norman Rockwell Museum: Educational Materials. Viewpoint. Pp.18-24.

http://www.normanrockwellmuseum.org/educational/viewpoint.pdf

20th century humanities or modernism is the assumption that the autonomy of the individual is the sole source of meaning and truth. This belief, which stemmed from the application of reason and natural science, led to a perpetual search for unique and novel forms of expression (Keep, McLaughlin, & Parmar). Thus, it is evident that modernism discarded the Renaissance period's interest in the classical tradition and universal meaning, in favor of a belief in the individual.
The influence of naturalism on modernism is highly evident in its humanistic philosophy, especially in Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophical school of thought, existentialism. In a radical departure from the classical belief in a purposeful universe, created and governed by God, Sartre set out to disprove the existence of God, while simultaneously establishing that only individual free will can define or change the essence of being (yatt, 2004). The same emphasis on naturalism and the individual…...

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Works Cited

Hoffmann, R. "Discover. Exceptional. Music." Accessed Dec. 11, 2004:

 http://www.americansymphony.org/dialogues_extensions/92_93season/5th_concert/schoenberg.cfm 

MoMa. "Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory." 2004. Accessed Dec. 10, 2004:

 http://www.moma.org/collection/depts/paint_sculpt/blowups/paint_sculpt_016.html

In fact, all these novels are concerned with the psychology and attitudes of the characters, and use them to represent the fragmentation and uncertainty in society. The characters own lives are uncertain and fragmented, and this represents these themes in society at large.
hys also wanted to confront areas of British society that remained hidden and unacknowledged in her novel. In "Jane Eyre," the character's madness is simply alluded to, and the character does not have a voice. In "Wide Sargasso Sea," the character has a voice. hys writes, "But we must talk about it.... No other time, now.... You have no right to ask questions about my mother and then refuse to listen to my answer" (hys 129). In true 20th century honesty and openness, she wants to bring the subject out and confront it, while in England it was covered up and hidden. This shows the fragmentation in…...

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References

Beckett, Samuel. "Waiting for Godot." Samuel Beckett.net. 2006. 15 Aug. 2006.  http://samuel-beckett.net/Waiting_for_Godot_Part1.html 

Greene, Graham. The Quiet American. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.

Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1982.

20th century, a new and distinctive global system had developed out of the interaction and mutual reinforcement of technological innovations, nationalist motivations, and new imperialism. Nationalist motivations to acquire land and glory for the good of one's nation likely played an important part in driving the new imperialism that characterized the beginning of the 19th century. In turn, technology provided a means for countries like Britain and France to expand their overseas territories, and thus bring many of their nationalist dreams to fruition. Overall, the interplay between nationalist motivations, new imperialism and technological innovation was a complex and profoundly important factor in the history of the early 20th century and late 19th century.
Nationalist motivations focus on loyalty and an almost complete and blind devotion to a country. To the nationalist, a country is seen as superior to all others, and the promotion of its culture and interests above all…...

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Works Cited

Headrick, Daniel R. 1981. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press.

Marks, Robert B. 2002. The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative. Rowman & Littlefield.

20th Century Genius
The Genius of the 20th century, whose work and artistic contribution can be classified in both the Age of Modernism and the Age of Pluralism, is artist and social commentator Pablo Picasso. Picasso is a genius because he helped create an entire new art form through his modern artwork, but he also was an individual not content to simply work as an artist. His works also reflected his political beliefs, were often a social commentary on what was happening in society, and were always interesting or even startling. He represents both the Age of Modernism with his paintings and other artworks, and the Age of Pluralism with his works that were not only art, but political commentary, too.

Pablo Picasso was born in October 1881 in Malaga, Spain. He grew up in Malaga and began to draw at a young age -- supervised by his father, who was…...

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References

Larrea, J. (1947). Guernica, Pablo Picasso (W. Pach, Ed.) (Krappe, A.H., Trans.). New York: Curt Valentin.

McCully, M. (1997, July). Pablo Picasso: The early years. USA Today (Society for the advancement of education), 125, 38+.

Penrose, R. (1957). Portrait of Picasso. New York: Museum of Modern Art.

Werkman, J.L. (1998, April). Project eARTh: Protest against pollution. School Arts, 97, 28+.

President Roosevelt's Corollary, introduced in 1904, marked America's emergence as a world policeman.[footnoteRef:6] in World War I, America greatly contributed to Allied victory and saw marked advancements in technology and the military, followed by an economic boom and bust.[footnoteRef:7] in World War II, America again greatly contributed to Allied victory with even more striking technological and military advancements, followed by an economic boom.[footnoteRef:8] the ensuing, ongoing Cold War consumed considerable American resources and attentions.[footnoteRef:9] the Korean War and Vietnamese War significantly involved the United States in an ongoing struggle against Communism in the Far East[footnoteRef:10], while the Gulf War significantly involved the United States in an ongoing struggle against conflicting ideologies in the Middle East.[footnoteRef:11] America's emergence on the world stage, commencing in the earliest years of the 20th Century, created such an expanded and involved role for the United States that by the end of that Century, its…...

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Bibliography

Cooper, Jr., John Milton. Pivotal Decades: The United States, 1900-1920. New York, NY W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1990.

Hamby, Alonzo. Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. To Bush. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Patterson, James T. Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Art
Five notable 20th century artists

The nature of 20th century art was profoundly challenged by the sudden ubiquity of apparently 'objective' media such as the motion picture, photography, and standardized graphic advertising. How could art be deployed effectively in the face of such representation? If art was no longer needed to physically capture the past, what was its use? The answer posed by the plastic arts was that art must look inward, and capture the soul of the artist, rather than objective reality. This new focus on the inwardness of art soon extended itself into other media, of performance as well as static at The rise of psychology in the popular imagination and consciousness provided the 'answer' of inwardness to this potent question possible. A new internal soul-searching had entered the common and uncommon artistic imagination. Rather than represent reality, the inner life of the artist came to the forefront. One…...

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Works Cited

The Beatles. "Sergeants Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band."

Dali, Salvador. "The Persistence of Memory."

Pollock, Jackson. "Convergence."

Warhol, Andy. "101 Campbell's Soup Cans."

20th century farming in America was dominated by the small family farm. Labor was provided by the family members and there was no issue regarding wages. Beginning in the early years of the 20th century and increasingly thereafter large-scale commercial agriculture displaced the family farms but the corporate farmers found that hand labor remained more cost effective for harvesting certain fruits and vegetables. This work was highly seasonal and the corporate farmers had to rely upon migrant workers in most cases to staff their farms. These migrants were exposed to exceedingly low wage, exploitation, and wretched living and working conditions. Yet, when the U.S. Congress finally passed the National Labor Relations Act in 1935 an exemption for these workers was crafted in order to pacify the strong farm growers' lobby (Keyserling). orkers in other areas of work were granted the right to organize under the terms of the new…...

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Works Cited

Encyclopedia Britannica. Community Services Organization. 15 March 2011

20th century, the major medical model of disease was ascribed to faith, random events or other supernatural activities. Odor was considered to be either a preventative or cause of disease, and indeed, many intellectual people were "bled" to increase health benefits (Kennedy, 2004). After the discovery of bacteria and the use of the microscope, the "Bio-Medical Model" (BMM) moved into prominence, believing that specific illness were linked to specific bacteria, viruses, or pathogens. This "germ" model of medicine was a way for Europeans to define, analyze, and as practical philosophy showed -- deal with the issue by killing the germ. arely did science look at a germ as a cause of ill health, and indeed, the entire idea of vaccination came about precisely because of this germ model of science (James, 1992).
However, Eastern traditional medicine has held a different paradigm for centuries. Indeed, the very term "health," has come…...

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References

Aslin, J., 1998. Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine: Results of a National Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(19), pp. 1545-53.

Butler, L. e. a., 2008. Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood. Clinical Psychology, 64(7), pp. 806-20.

Goyeche, J., 1979. Yoga as Therapy in Psychosomatic Medicine. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 31(1), pp. 373-81.

Jensen and Kenney, 2004. The Effects of Yoga on the Attention and Behavior of Boys with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 7(1), pp. 206-16.

20TH century the average life-expectancy of an average American has augmented. Furthermore, the major causes of death have also changed over time. Majority of the Americans used to die very young; very few used to live beyond 65 years of age. However, trends have changed drastically and a lot more people are able to live beyond 65 years of age (Nadine R. Sahyoun, Harold Lentzner, Donna Hoyert, Kristen N. Robinson, 2001). The following graph illustrates the point being made.
Percentage of newborns living to age 65

It is worth noting that the leading cause of death amongst the elderly people 65 years of age and above is "heart disease" (35%) and "cancer" (22%). This trend has been evident since the preceding 2 decades and had taken almost one million lives of elderly Americans in the year 1997 alone. The third leading cause of death is "stroke." However, "chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases"…...

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Bibliography

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comprehensive Cancer Control: Collaborating to Conquer Cancer, 2004/2005. Available at:  http://www.cdc.gov/cancer 

Lawrence Bergner, Katherine M. Marconi, Helen I. Meissner. Developing Cancer Control Capacity in State and Local Public Health Agencies. Public Health Reports, Vol. 107, 1992

Nadine R. Sahyoun, Harold Lentzner, Donna Hoyert, Kristen N. Robinson. Trends in Causes of Death Among the Elderly. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. March 2001.

Cosmetology: A Comprehensive Overview

Cosmetology is the art and science of enhancing the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. It encompasses various treatments and techniques aimed at improving one's overall physical appearance. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of cosmetology, exploring its history, evolution, different branches, and significance in society.

The History of Cosmetology

Cosmetology has its roots in ancient civilizations, where people used natural ingredients like herbs, minerals, and oils to adorn themselves. In ancient Egypt, for example, women applied kohl to their eyes and wore elaborate wigs made from human hair or wool. In ancient Greece, men and women used....

 Introduction:

The Little Albert Experiment, conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, stands as a seminal study in the field of psychology. This experiment sought to investigate the principles of classical conditioning, focusing on the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of conditioned fear responses in a human infant. The Little Albert Experiment has had a profound impact on our understanding of behaviorism and remains a foundational study in the history of psychology.

 The Experiment:

Watson and Rayner meticulously selected an 11-month-old infant, Albert B., for their experiment. They began by introducing Albert to a variety of stimuli, including a white rat,....

1. Analyze Ethan Frome as a tragic hero, considering his flaws and the events that ultimately lead to his downfall.
2. Discuss the theme of isolation in Ethan Frome, exploring how characters such as Ethan, Zeena, and Mattie experience loneliness and alienation.
3. Compare and contrast the contrasting settings of Starkfield and the Frome household to illustrate the stifling atmosphere that permeates the novel.
4. Explore the role of fate and destiny in Ethan Frome, considering how the characters' choices and actions are ultimately determined by external forces.
5. Examine the theme of duty and responsibility in the novel, focusing on how Ethan's sense....

I. Introduction
A. Background information on Canada as a land of immigrants
B. Thesis statement: Discrimination has been a significant barrier preventing immigrants from coming to Canada throughout history.

II. Discrimination against Chinese immigrants
A. Head tax imposed on Chinese immigrants in 1885
B. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1923
C. Impact of discrimination on Chinese immigrant populations

III. Discrimination against South Asian immigrants
A. Komagata Maru incident in 1914
B. Continuous journey regulation of 1908
C. Legal barriers preventing South Asian immigrants from coming to Canada

IV. Discrimination against Jewish immigrants
A. Limited entry for Jewish refugees during World War II
B. Anti-Semitic....