Some of them may have failed at first, such as Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis, who unsuccessfully lobbied the authors of the U.S. Constitution to include women's rights in the document. Over and above, abolitionist women drew parallels between the conditions of slavery and those of women. Anti-slavery activist Angelina Grimke wrote in 1836:
"The investigation of the rights of the slave has led me to a better understanding of my own."

That growing understanding of the conditions of women led to the holding of the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls in New York in 1848 (Guianoulis 2002). In their Declaration of Sentiments, the women progenitors demanded equality in law with men, education and the right to vote. ut their disadvantaged status did not progress very much. The middle class woman continued to confront a dilemma, which was captured by etty Friedan in her powerful book, "The Feminine Mystique,"…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Brewer, GW. (2001). What Women Want. Human Quest. The Human Quest.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3861/is_200109/ai_n8965480 

2. Clift, E. (2003). Founding Sisters and the Nineteenth Amendment. Turning Point Series. Amazon UK Publishing

3. Clinton, B. (1995). Remarks on the 75th Year Anniversary of Women's Suffrage in Jackson Hole. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: U.S. Government Printing Office.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n35_v31/ai_17428900 

4. Coulter, A. (2000). Reconsidering the 19th Amendment. Human Events: Human Events Publishing, Inc.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200002/ai_n8883700

9th Amendment
Suffrage was another important issue that women struggled with in the 9th and early 20th century. The inability to cast their vote was evidence of the fact that they had been victims of patriarchic society. Their second-grade citizens status was however completely unacceptable to some dynamic souls even in the 9th century when most women were not even allowed active participation in the workforce. The early suffragists however understood the significance of political participation. One such woman was Abigail Scott Duniway (834-95) who promoted the cause of suffrage through her newspapers, other writings and addresses. She maintained that once the political rights were fully granted to all women, other issues could gradually resolve on their own. One main issue was domestic service that many women were forced to seek in the absence of proper employment opportunities. Duniway felt that right to vote would lead to other rights and eventually…...

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19th Amendment

Suffrage was another important issue that women struggled with in the 19th and early 20th century. The inability to cast their vote was evidence of the fact that they had been victims of patriarchic society. Their second-grade citizens status was however completely unacceptable to some dynamic souls even in the 19th century when most women were not even allowed active participation in the workforce. The early suffragists however understood the significance of political participation. One such woman was Abigail Scott Duniway (1834-1915) who promoted the cause of suffrage through her newspapers, other writings and addresses. She maintained that once the political rights were fully granted to all women, other issues could gradually resolve on their own. One main issue was domestic service that many women were forced to seek in the absence of proper employment opportunities. Duniway felt that right to vote would lead to other rights and eventually domestic service would end, as more women would be needed in other areas of employment. While she was an influential leader, most early suffragists followed specific tactics that failed to leave an impact. For this reason, in late nineteenth century, women opted for more aggressive tactics to win their cause. Florence Luscomb (1887-1985) can be considered one of the pioneers of the new strategy as she conducted open-air meetings and sold suffrage supplements with newspapers to accentuate the significance of the issue. Her aggressive moves combined with the brilliant leadership of NAWSA president Carrie Chapman Catt finally won suffrage rights for women in 1920 with the 19th Amendment. The colossal achievement was definitely the result of a long suffrage movement. By the time the right was finally granted, women had already advanced ahead in several other areas including employment and education, so access to political field was part of the natural progression. The 'New' woman felt humiliated that she was hitherto deprived of full citizenship and winning the right finally put her on the path of complete equality.

Foundation
An extensive period in US history has witnessed specific segments of the nation's population (such as females, Blacks, etc.) deprived of voting rights. The female suffrage movement or struggle for winning voting rights for females continued throughout the major part of the 1800s and into the early 1900s[footnoteRef:1]. While a few states allowed female participation in elections, both as contesters and voters, before the 19th Amendment's enforcement, its ratification on 18th August, 1920 ensured voting rights were extended to every woman in America[footnoteRef:2]. Ever since its ratification, US society has universally acknowledged female voting rights. [1: William W. Hodes, "Women and the Constitution" Rutgers L. Rev. 25 (1970): 26.] [2: Carol Lynn Yellin, "COUNTDOWN IN TENNESSEE" American Heritage 30, no. 1 (1978): 12.]

The American Constitution's Nineteenth Amendment accords an equal right to both males and females to vote. It asserts that the federal and state governments shall not curtail or…...

Ancient Greece
Democracy: Ancient Athens and Today

The democratic process of ancient Athens as compared to today was much different. The most obvious difference is simply the scale of the process. Ancient Athens was a relatively small city-state compared to the enormous country that is the United States. There are many millions more people in today's U.S. than there were in ancient Athens. Today's elections are also much less direct than they were in Athens. The U.S. uses an electoral and representative system of democracy -- but Athens practiced direct democracy: every participating citizen was able to vote directly for or against a law or policy. In today's world, citizens are very far removed from the process for the most part and must rely on their elected representatives to represent them fairly. Given the sheer number of people in the U.S. and the many differences of our people, fair representation is…...

Amendment XIX Enactment of Amendment XIX and its contribution to the achievement of equal female rights

The enactment of the 19th amendment empowered women on many fronts. They were allowed to vote and consequently seized the opportunity to influence political decisions. The enactment saw the legalization of contraception and even abortion. There was economic empowerment too in the process. The more common availability of reproductive services and education doors increasingly opening up, more women enrolled in education institutions sought higher education. These developments also ushered in an era in which women began to occupy sensitive professional positions in the society. The amendment aimed at giving hope to all women. African-American women sought to link suffrage to race and gender across the country; so as to make sure that the benefits were not just paper-based policies, but practical processes for actual empowerment. Indeed, the African-American women believed that taking part in the political…...

It is interesting to note that members of Congress would introduce this bill every year for 41 years, with exactly the same wording, until it finally passed (Linder).
One big step in the process were the states in the West who allowed women to vote. In 1890, Wyoming joined the union, and women had been voting there for many years. It is also interesting to note that it was the Senator from a western state, California, who first introduced the bill in 1878 (Kobach). In 1912, Theodore oosevelt, running for the Bull Moose Party, included women's voting rights in his party platform, which brought more positive attention to the matter. oosevelt lost the election, but the idea of women's rights had become to seem less offensive to many, and so, in 1920 the measure finally became law.

Thousands of women worked throughout that time to help gain support and understanding of…...

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References

Editors. "Nineteenth Amendment." Archives.gov. 2007. 28 Feb. 2007.  http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendment_19.html 

Kobach, Kris. "Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment." University of Missouri. 2007. 28 Feb. 2007. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteenthkobach.html

Linder, Doug. "Women's Fight for the Vote: The Nineteenth Amendment." University of Missouri. 2007. 28 Feb. 2007. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteentham.htm

17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1913. It altered the way in which Senators of the Congress were elected. Previously, under Article 1 of the Constitution, it was the state legislature's responsibility to elect senators to Congress. ith the 17th Amendment, however, the voting power was placed directly into the hands of the public. The Amendment also provided a way for states to allow governors to fill vacancies in their state's appointed seats in Congress by temporarily appointing a senator until a time in which a special election could be conducted.
The text of the Amendment states specifically that "two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years" shall be the manner in which senators are now voted into office. This effectively made the process of electing senators more democratic and less representational, in the sense that that the voting public had the power…...

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Works Cited

Bybee, Jahy. "Ulysees at the Mast." Northwestern University Law Review, vol. 91, no. 1

(1997): 530-564.

Zwicki, Todd. "Beyond the Shell and Husk of History." Cleveland State Law Review, vol. 45, no. 1 (1997): 1021-1034.

Slavery
The so-called peculiar institution of slavery would come to define America in the 19th century, and set the stage for effects that until the current day. It was a critical, destructive error to leave the issue of slavery unresolved at the time of American independence.

Attempts to econcile the Slavery Issue

3/5 Compromise

What was the 3/5 Compromise?

elevance of the 3/5 Compromise

Significance of the 3/5 Compromise for the issue of slavery

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Define (MO as slave state, ME as free state)

Louisiana territory

Significance of the 1820 compromise

3.Compromise of 1850

Define the compromise of 1850

Significance of this compromise iii. Fugitive Slave Act and DC

Shift in power dynamic on the issue

Nebraska-Kansas Act

Define the Nebraska-Kansas Act

Describe the bleeding of Kansas iii. Show how the violence was a precursor to the Civil War

Dred Scot

What was the Dred Scott case?

What was the significance of this decision?

III. Compatibility with Economic Systems

1. Economic system is based on freedom and economic efficiency

2.…...

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References

Foner, E. (1974). The causes of the American Civil War: recent interpretations and new directions. Civil War History. Vol. 20 (3) 197-214.

Laws.com (2015). What was the three-fifths compromise? Laws.com. Retrieved November 11, 2015 from  http://constitution.laws.com/three-fifths-compromise 

Library of Congress (2015). Primary documents in American history. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 11, 2015 from  http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html 

Library of Congress (2015, 2). Kansas-Nebraska Act. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 11, 2015 from  http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/kansas.html

Timeline Gendered Movements
Over the centuries, the women's rights movement has been continually evolving based upon the examples set by others. This has enabled them to make significant changes in the way they are treated and viewed within everyday society. To fully understand these transformations requires examining different events and their influence on future generations. This will be accomplished by looking at: four major events and how they are related to one another. Together, these elements will illustrate the influence of different organizations and the changes that occurred.

There are number of events which had a major impact on the women's rights movement. The most notable include:

1869 to 1890 the establishment of the National Woman Suffrage Association: In 1869 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton formed the National Women's Suffrage Association. Their goal was to achieve voting rights through a constitutional amendment. They merged with the American Women Suffrage Association in 1890.…...

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References

DuBois, E. (1999). Feminism and Suffrage. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Farber, D. (1994). The Age of Great American Dreams. New York, NY: Hill and Wang.

Wright, S. (2005). The Civil Rights Act of 1964. New York, NY: Rosen Publishing.

Turning Points in American History
Two Turning Points and Current Impact on Cultural, Social, Economic and Political Life

Two historical turning points are the Social Security Act and the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Social Security Act, passed in 1935, was intended to provide a "safety net" for people who could not support themselves (Schultz, 2010, p. 399). This "social welfare" was a significant departure from the federal government's prior tendency to let citizens fend for themselves financially. The strength of the Social Security Act's impact on our history is at least partially proven by the fact that it expanded significantly and endures to this day. The Social Security Act currently influences several facets of American life: society and culture, in that the responsibility of the federal government for the welfare of its citizens is now a commonly accepted idea; economy, in that Social Security is now a far-reaching…...

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Works Cited

A&E Television Networks. LLC. (2013). Wyoming grants women the vote. Retrieved from www.history.com Web site:  http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wyoming-grants-women-the-vote 

Federal Reserve. (2011, August 24). FRB: The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions. Retrieved from www.federalreserve.gov Web site:  http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pf.htm 

Federal Reserve. (n.d.). History of the Federal Reserve - Federal Reserve Education. Retrieved from www.federalreserveeducation.org Web site:  http://www.federalreserveeducation.org/about-the-fed/history/ 

League of Women Voters. (2011). Our Work | League of Women Voters. Retrieved from www.lwv.org Web site:  http://www.lwv.org/our-work

Nineteenth Century Reform
The nineteenth century, particularly between 1825 and the outbreak of the civil war in 1861, the United States was in a state of reform. There were five key reform movements that made themselves present in America in the nineteenth century. There was the Utopianism/

Communitarian Movement, which established an ideal society separate from present politics. Educational reforms were important in the creation of taxes to support the public school system, higher education for adults, as well as mandatory education and attendance. The Temperance Movement urged abstinence from alcohol and the oman's Rights Movement was vital in the improvement of the life of women politically, socially, and economically. It also included the battle forged for women's suffrage rights. Humanitarianism was improving the lives of those less fortunate.

Reform in the nineteenth century was generated by secular communities, which arose in the mid 1800s. The primary goal of these communities was to…...

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Works Cited

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Transendentalist. 1842.  http://www.emersoncentral.com/transcendentalist.htm 

Fitzhugh, George. Sociology for the South or The Failure of Free Society. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1998.

Sumner, William Graham. What Social Classes Owe to Each Other. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Press, 2003.

U.S. Constitution. http: www.usconstitution.com/const.html.

United States operates as an indirect or representative democracy meaning that a select group is elected by the whole to serve as representatives while attending to public matters. This is in contrast to a direct democracy which holds that all eligible members of a society can personally direct public affairs. This distinction is often overlooked by most Americans who believe that the term democracy has no qualifications.
In order to fully grasp American government, it is essential to understand the Framers of the Constitution referred to it as republic in form. Their intention was to have representatives direct government operations. In other words, voters select representatives who in turn carry out government business. The reasons for this procedure are manifold. Most notably, the Framers foresaw the electorate making poor decisions based on transitory emotions thereby leading the country in an unwise direction. Given such predispositions, the Framers felt that minority…...

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References

Wilson, James Q. & Dilulio, John J. (1998). American Government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Company.

U.S. Women in 1930s-1940s
Women's History and 19th Amendment

On August 26, 1920, Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby quietly signed the Nineteenth Amendment into law. By guaranteeing all Americans the right to vote "irrespective of sex," the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment capped more than half a century's worth of struggle by finally recognizing a woman's right to vote.

The Nineteenth Amendment was an important milestone in women's rights. However, the suffragettes who thought that equality would be achieved through the vote were sadly mistaken.

This paper examines how despite the passage of the right to vote, the structures of sexual and gender-based inequity continued. It examines women's experiences from the Great Depression through the Second World War, giving particular focus on the activism and experiences of poor women and women of color.

Working Women in the 1930s

In the book Gender and Jim Crow, Glenda Gilmore points to a separate ideal of womanhood that existed…...

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References

Bernikow, Louise. 1997. The American Women's Almanac: An Inspiring and Irreverent Women's History. New York: Berkley.

Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. 1996. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Ito, Leslie. 2000. "Japanese-American women and the student relocation movement, 1942-1945."

Frontiers. 21(3). Proquest Database.

The "Highlander Center," a group advocating rights for African-Americans, "were labeled as subversive and subjected to investigation, and their members were harassed," which sounds a bit more like fascism than democracy.
But were the hearings fair? No, they were highly unfair; from the very beginning, the lack of fairness was obvious to any objective observer; they were called "Hearings egarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry" (held October 20-30, 1947). The proof was in prior to any fair hearing of the issues or the accused, which is a denial of democratic justice to begin with.

And meantime, the witnesses were classified as "friendly" or "unfriendly." If you were "friendly," that meant you already had cooperated with the HUAC, and had indicated a willingness to point fingers, name names, of suspected "communists," so the members of the committee (which included Congressman ichard Nixon) would look like they were doing their…...

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References

Wheels and Becker. "The Second Red Scare: HUAC vs. Hollywood, 1947."

McClellan, Jim R. "Women's Suffrage: The Nineteenth Amendment is Ratified." Historical

Moments: Changing Interpretations of America's Past, Vol. 2, the Civil War Through the 20th Century. Chapter 15. New York: Cushkin/McGraw-Hill, 2000.

McClellan, Jim R. "Prohibition: The Eighteenth Amendment Takes Effect." Historical Moments:

Women Activists Dilemma to support or Oppose the 15th Amendment as evidenced by the split in the Women’s suffrage Movement Introduction
After the Civil war, three amendments were passed which massively transformed the women’s rights movement. These were the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. The thirteenth amendment approved in the year 1865 declared slavery illegal (Parker, 1849). Thus, all the women who were previously enslaved became free and acquired protection by human rights. The fourteenth amendment declared that everyone born in the U.S was a legal U.S citizen and should not be deprived off their rights including all slaves. Moreover, the law added that all male American citizens had the right to vote (Anderson, 590).
Finally, there was the controversial Fifteenth Amendment, passed in 1870. The amendment granted black American men the right to vote by stating that the rights of U.S citizens to participate in elections must not be denied on the…...

Gender Equality in Contemporary American Culture: A Historical Perspective

Introduction:
In the tapestry of American culture, gender equality stands as a vibrant thread, woven amidst centuries of societal evolution and sociopolitical struggles. This essay delves into the historical trajectory of gender equality, exploring the shifts, triumphs, and ongoing challenges that have shaped its current status in American society.

Historical Roots:
The seeds of gender equality were sown in the early days of the American republic, with the signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1789). These foundational documents enshrined the principles of liberty and equality, yet they fell short of extending....

The Roaring Twenties: A Catalyst for Social Transformation

The Roaring Twenties, a vibrant and transformative decade that unfolded after the cataclysmic horrors of World War I, witnessed an unprecedented surge in cultural movements that profoundly impacted society's entrenched views on traditional norms and values. These movements challenged established conventions, promoted individualism, and fostered a spirit of liberation that reverberated throughout the social fabric.

The Rise of Modernism

Modernism, a multifaceted movement encompassing art, literature, and design, emerged as a radical departure from the ornate and sentimental past. Modernist artists favored abstract forms, geometric shapes, and fragmented perspectives, seeking to break free from traditional....

Moral Disobedience: A Catalyst for Societal Transformation

Moral disobedience, the willful violation of established societal rules and expectations based on a belief in their immorality, has long been a powerful force for positive change. Throughout history, individuals and groups have defied unjust laws and norms to challenge the status quo and advance social progress.

Challenging Societal Norms

Moral disobedience inherently challenges societal norms by questioning their legitimacy and exposing their flaws. When individuals refuse to comply with practices they deem harmful or unjust, they break the cycle of passive acceptance and force society to confront the underlying values and assumptions.

For example, the Civil....

The Fight for Women's Suffrage and Its Impact on American Society in the 20th Century
The fight for women's suffrage, the right for women to vote, was a pivotal chapter in American history that left an enduring legacy on society. It not only granted women political power but also catalyzed numerous other social and political changes.
Expansion of Political Participation
Prior to the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, women were excluded from participating in the democratic process. The suffrage movement played a crucial role in breaking down this barrier and allowing women to fully engage in civic life. By gaining the....