In reviewing some of the studies done on the impact of community policing on officers' attitudes, Lurigio and Rosenbaum (1994) isolated many of the specific techniques used in community policing programs. These programs are generally marked by the use of foot patrols to engage with citizens and establish a tangible presence, storefront police stations providing visibility and accessibility to the public, and the use of targeted police units designed to develop roots and tailor themselves to the specific communities they serve.
Like problem-oriented policing, community policing often requires a fundamental change in both the attitude and organization of police departments. As Dennis Nowicki (1997) points out, these changes are often difficult to implement consistently. The empowerment need by individual officers to adapt to individual situations within their community "clearly runs counter to the paramilitary structure of police agencies" (Nowicki, 1997, p. 365). In addition, the establishment of close ties between communities and their police forces does leave the door open for potential corruption and manipulation by special interest groups.
Though community policing is essentially a brand of problem-oriented policing, the two are not completely synonymous. One key difference can be found just by looking at their labels. Community policing is focused, of course, on communities, and therefore on the problems and solutions specific to communities. Problem-oriented policing, however, seeks to address problems beyond and sometimes independent of the communities themselves. Problem-oriented policing is "a state of mind, and not a program, technique, or procedure" (Eck & Spelman, 1986, p. 46), whereas community policing consists of specific actions designed to facilitate problem-solving within populations.
How, then, does zero-tolerance policing compare to these...
In addition, research shows that arrests actually dropped in San Diego after implementing COP policies, and even more dramatic, citizen complaints against police officers dropped, as well. Thus, COP activities seem to be more citizen-friendly than zero-tolerance policies, and they seem to bring dramatic drops in crime, as well. Problem-oriented policing targets specific problem areas of crime, such as drug-trafficking neighborhoods or youth-oriented crimes. This type of policing strives to
Zero-Tolerance Zero Tolerance Policies in America's Public School System: Beneficial or Another Hassle? Motivation My reason for selecting zero tolerance as my subject matter is a direct correlation to my experiences in the public school system. Having transferred from a small parochial school where the rules were clear, the nuns were ever present, and to commit a school related infraction was to commit a sin, I was used to a certain level of
Policing Policies Analysis This study seeks to strengthen the practice of policing by demonstrating the effectiveness of the problem-oriented policing. The information provided herein is useful to practitioners as it compares problem-oriented policing against community-oriented policing. Practitioners will be able to create much robust policing intervention when addressing real life situations within the field by grasping the theoretical mechanisms (Hess & Orthmann, 2011). In addition, by linking academic theories to policing,
1).This study reports that it is important to weigh both "...legal and extralegal factors" in the attempt to understand police misconduct. Furthermore, "...implications for issues of racial and ethnic stereotyping..." must be given consideration in incidents of police misconduct and allegations of misconduct on the part of police officers is critically necessary. The work of Judith a. Greene entitled: "Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New
Education: The Intolerance of Zero Tolerance Zero Tolerance Policies in Public Schools One has only to turn on the television, log onto the Internet, or glance at a newspaper to see that violence is everywhere in our society. The nightly news is dominated by one act of depravity after another: murders, rapes, and violent assaults, among others. Hate crimes send shockwaves through seemingly peaceful communities. A cross is burned in a field, a
By comparison, more proactive, crime-focused, or zero tolerance policing strategies make discretion more difficult to control administratively for several reasons. Specifically, proactive officers generally function more autonomously in choosing where to initiate police action; consequently, they are involved in much higher proportions of serious criminal matters, requiring many more spontaneous opportunities to exercise discretion. As a general rule, proactive police officers engaged in crime prevention-focused administrative strategies encounter more dangerous situations and
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