This made the United States the only Western nation to criminalize contraception at that time (Time). While women (and men) continued to illegally access birth control, often using devices labeled differently for contraceptive purposes, it would be decades before birth control could be openly used within the United States. In 1916, Margaret Sanger opens the first birth control clinic in the United States, but it is shut down in 10 days (Time). It was not until 1938 that the federal ban against birth control was lifted by a federal judge (Time).
While women did not enjoy an abrupt increase in civil rights following the Civil War, it is important to realize that there was a gradual increase in attention towards civil rights and support for women's rights after the Civil War. In 1868, the National Labor Union supported equal pay for equal work, which was the first real call for women to be paid the same rate as men for the same work (the Prism). In 1870, in the Wyoming Territory, women served on juries, which was a first in the history of jurisprudence (the Prism). In 1870, Iowa admitted the first woman to a state's bar association (the Prism). However, for every victory, there was a similar defeat. While some states were opening up professions to women, others were restricting women from professions, a practice the Supreme Court affirmed in 1873 (the Prism).
However, women were seeing some positive changes in their personal lives. Divorce laws in the United States had historically favored males. However, by 1900 two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States were initiated by wives (the Prism). This marked a significant difference, as women had historically lacked the right to even bring such suits. Women might still be unable to retain custody of their children at a divorce and often faced a tremendous financial burden when divorcing, a condition that persists in modern America, but they were actually able to attain divorces.
However, while women might be able to attain divorces, it would be erroneous to assume that domestic scenarios were improving for women in the period just after the Civil War. Domestic violence continued to be a rampant problem, with women having little recourse in their marriages. However, domestic violence did become a public issue in the time period following the Civil War, though
Woman's Suffrage Women in the United States made the fight for suffrage their most fundamental demand because they saw it as the defining feature of full citizenship. The philosophy underlying women's suffrage was the belief in "natural rights" to govern themselves and choose their own representatives. Woman's suffrage asserted that women should enjoy individual rights of self-government, rather than relying on indirect civic participation as the mothers, sisters, or daughters of
In 1869, Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, another prominent 19th century suffragist, formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) to collectively lobby for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote. The NWSA also focused their attention on universal suffrage for African-Americans. Their efforts toward abolition succeeded first, as the 15th Amendment passed in 1871. Also in 1869 Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and other suffragists formed a separate suffragist
Suffrage Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Amelia Bloomer were all instrumental in shifting the status of women in American society. Their writings reveal the personalities, assumptions, and values of the authors. Each of these women took incredible personal risks by challenging the underlying assumptions in the society that women were not valid, valuable members of society. The place of women in American society prior to suffrage was no better
149-150). References Balu, R. (Fall 1995). History comes alive: How women won the right to vote. Human Rights, 22(4). Retrieved March 23, 2005, from Academic Search Premier database. Colorado: Popularism, panic and persistence. (No date). Retrieved March 23, 2005, at http://www.autry-museum.org/explore/exhibits/suffrage/suffrage_co.html. Marilley, S.M. (1996). Woman suffrage and the origins of liberal feminism in the United States, 1820-1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Suffrage appeals to lawless and hysterical women. (30 May 1913). New York
The authors further point out that at the time, NWSA did not accept male membership as its focus was firmly trained on securing the voting rights of women nationwide. As their push for the enfranchisement of women at the federal level became more and more untenable, NWSA shifted its focus to individual states. In so doing, it planned to create a ripple effect that could ease the attainment of
Women The sphere of women's work had been strictly confined to the domestic realm, prior to the Industrial Revolution. Social isolation, financial dependence, and political disenfranchisement characterized the female experience prior to the twentieth century. The suffrage movement was certainly the first sign of the dismantling of the institutionalization of patriarchy, followed by universal access to education, and finally, the civil rights movement. Opportunities for women have gradually unfolded since the
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