In colonial America girls learned to read and write at dame schools. They could attend the master's schools for boys when there was room, usually during the summer when most of the boys were working. (Women's International Center)
During the latter half of the Republic Era, rapid economic growth presented new opportunities for northern white women. Previously limited to homework or to household-related jobs like cleaning and cooking, some young women now became school teachers or mill workers. One destination for young farm women was the Lowell mills in Massachusetts, at the falls of the Merrimac River. An unnamed rural crossroads in 1823, Lowell by 1830 boasted ten mills and three thousand operatives, nearly all of them female. (Boyer)
Beginning in the 19th century, the required educational preparation, particularly for the practice of medicine, increased. This tended to prevent many young women, who married early and bore many children, from entering professional careers. Although home nursing was considered a proper female occupation, nursing in hospitals was done almost exclusively by men. (Women's International Center)
The late eighteenth century was an era of medical, economic, and sexual transformation. It was also a time when a new ideology of womanhood self-consciously connected domestic virtue to the survival of the state. Most scholars agree that the period of Martha's diary, 1785-1812, was an era of profound change, or that in some still dimly understood way, the nation's political revolution and the social revolutions that accompanied it were related. (Ulrich)
Martha Ballard's diary makes quite clear that men did monopolize public business, that households were formally patriarchal, and the women did uncritically assume that houses and even babies belonged to men and that the proper way to identify a married woman was by reference to her husband. Yet the diary also shows a complex web of social and economic exchange that engaged women beyond the household. (Ulrich)
Conclusions
In the first half of the nineteenth century, America was rural and had a pre-industrial...
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