His proposals received a strong opposition from the side of the religious leaders who were dissatisfied both with the fact that women were given the right to vote and the land reforms (idem).
After Khomeini was sent into exile, the shah's leadership, greatly supported by the U.S., became dictatorial. By choosing to put the country under an authoritarian regime with little or no real opposition, Mohammad-Reza Shah, like his father, almost a quarter of a century ago, signed his own end as a leader of Iran. Some of the reforms made during those years were restoring women's rights. The Family Protection Law, passed in 1967, brought women's issues related to marriage and divorce closer to the laws of the civilized world. but, the Shah was too much obsessed with building a huge military power, proving himself to the U.S. As the pillar of stabilization in the Middle East.
Iranian women had gained the right to vote and extended rights in marriage, and the custody of their children, but they still had a long way to go until reaching full equal rights and equal treatment. The situation in women employment had improved compared to that before the Pahlavi dynasty: 13.8% of total workers in Iran were women in 1976. The overwhelming majority of them, 84%, were employed in the lower ranks of the working forces, almost half of them counting as family workers who were unpaid (Nu-m"n," Behdad, 2006). Seven years after the revolution, their number dropped to 8.9% of the total workforce, but it doubled ten years later, reaching 12.1% in 1996 (idem). By 1986, the women who could afford higher education levels increased the upper working ranks, while the number of women working in unskilled jobs dropped. One of the causes for these fluctuations was the economic difficulties the country went through, such as a high rate of unemployment and inflation. Economic measures such as the ban on the export of woven carpets hit particularly the rural female working force.
During the Iranian Revolution, in 1979, followed by the declaration of independence, women were strong supporters of those who opposed the shah and his pro-American policies. Starting with 1979, the position of women in the public sphere changed. The spiritual and religious leaders were strongly supported by the traditional middle class that that had always promoted a restriction in rights for the women. The gender politics took women a step back.
Whereas the literacy in the case of Iranian women living in urban areas reaches a level of 82%, the situation for the women in the countryside is much worse. Only 62% of the women in the rural areas are literate. As previously shown, the large variation in forms of relief in a country that spreads over 1.636 million sq km (CIA factbook), makes transportation difficult even in modern times, especially for those who live in remote rural areas.
The traditional view on women encourages them to spend as much time out of the public sphere as possible and remain completely dependent on the men in their families. Only the women who were the only providers for the their families were considered motivated and socially accepted to work outside their homes. The majority of these women were working low skilled jobs, in factories or on the farms. Their intellectual and cultural development was reduced to a minimum both from the point-of-view of time and resources.
Times have changed though since 1979. An article's title published in 2006 by BBC news reads: "The number of women graduating from Iran's universities is overtaking the number of men, promising a change in the job market and, with it, profound social change" (BBC News). Fields of education that traditionally belonged to men, even in secular societies, were taken over by women in Iran at the dawn of the new millennium. More than half of the students at the Islamic Azad University in Teheran are women. Well over half of university students in Iran are now women. In the applied physics department of Azad University 70% of the graduates are women - a statistic which would make many universities in the West proud. It is a huge social shift since the 1979 Revolution: Iran's Islamic government has managed to convince even traditional rural families that it is safe to send their daughters away from home to study (BBC News).
The increase in the number of women acquiring higher levels of education and diplomas as skilled laborers produces a change in the number of women employed in the...
In this regard, Lott points out, "Between 70% and 80% of police departments explicitly use norming of physical standards in their hiring practices. However, most of the departments that use objective standards do not enforce these rules. Women who fail to meet the absolute standards during academy training are unlikely to be failed out of the program" (p. 276). This lack of consistency in how these standards are applied
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Women and the American Economy The American workforce has been composed of men and women for many decades now. Despite history shows that the American workforce used to be made up of only the male gender, the women gender had shown that they have the power and capability to perform what men can do. However, although the female gender was able to prove themselves, gender discrimination and inequality that were found
WOMEN'S RIGHTS: EQUALITY IN THE WORKFORCE, EQUAL PAY Women's Rights: Equality in the Workplace, Equal Pay Legislative background. The word "sex" is always an attention-getter, and when used in legislation, it can be polarizing. Public Law 82-352 (78 Stat. 241) was passed by Congress in 1964 as a civil rights statute. The Law made it a crime to discriminate in all aspects of employment on the basis of race and sex. Representative
This is a small step towards the improvement of opportunities for women in the Middle East. However, Turkey is considered a "soft" power in the Middle East (Altunisik, 2005), so this small step alone is unlikely to result in immediate sweeping change. However, this does represent a small step and demonstrates that the women's movement is gaining strength. Middle Eastern culture centers on the village and the local conditions Societies
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