Women's Biology
Review and critique of a current article relating to women's biology
How Emergency Contraception Works to Prevent Pregnancy
Emergency contraceptives are drugs used to prevent pregnancy after women indulges in unprotected sex. There is a slight difference between birth control methods and use of contraceptives in preventing unplanned pregnancy. It is significant for women and men to learn and choose the appropriate method that guarantees their well-being. Use of contraceptives prevent fertilization of the ovum, while as birth control pills prevents pregnancy, and includes use of contraceptives such as, IUDs, sterilization, and abortion. This article reviews the health effects of various emergency contraceptives on female reproductive functions. The author argues that limited knowledge about Emergency contraceptive contributes to its overuse or its underuse and enhanced knowledge could trigger development of new ways, maximize use of current methods and increase acceptability of emergency contraceptives (Berger, 2012).
Review of the Emergency Contraceptive Methods
The EC methods are emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) that contain synthetic hormones or use of a copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). Hormonal pills are effective compared to insertion of IUDs. Most women are unaware of the effectiveness of the IUD since the providers rarely recommend its use. The efficiency of Cu-IUD last for five days after sexual intercourse based on the specific drug regimen, dosage, time interval between sex and treatment, and the risk of conception. Women using ECPs have a high rate of preventing pregnancy compared to those without treatment. The article analyzed a data consisting of 3,445 women from randomized controlled trials; the risk of pregnancy among women treated with UPA within 72 hours of unprotected sex was almost half of that for women receiving LNG (Berger, 2012).
When taken after the lapse of 24 hours after unsafe sex, UPA is capable of decreasing the level of pregnancy compared to LNG. Research study conducted indicates that LNG dose are ineffective in affecting the functioning of the sperm. Use of Cu-IUD insertion discharges copper ions that cause an inflammatory reaction that elevates the levels of certain fluids that are lethal to sperm. LNG delays the increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) that usually occurs before ovulation, before the administration of the drug 24-72 hours before the rise of LH. After ovulation, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube after 24 hours. The fertilized egg moves to the fallopian tube in 72 hours to reach the uterine cavity. Several factors such as, progesterone and estrogen receptors hinder the movement of zygote in the fallopian tube (Berger, 2012).
Use of LNG does not affect the performance of either progesterone or estrogen. Incase fertilization occurs after use of the CU-IUD, the method reduces the embryonic chances of survival in reaching the uterus. This suggests that CU-IUDs major post-fertilization is destroying the early embryo in the fallopian tube. Therefore, in case fertilization occurs in the presence of CU-IUD, it happens at a lower rate than in non-users of CU-IUD (Berger, 2012).
CU-IUD prevents embryo implantation rather than interfering with its performance. Copper administered in doses similar to the copper content present in CU-IUD triggers the uterine wall. In addition, incessant use of a Cu-IUD produces an inflammatory response that affects the fluids in the genital tract and hinders the development of embryos. If a blastocyst fails to reach the uterus, copper can change molecules in the endometrial lining to hinder implantation. Current study reveals that there is no relationship between exposures to LNG after untimely use of emergency contraceptives and negative pregnancy results. Currently, there are few cases of pregnancies exposed to UPA and the impacts are under research. Incase conception happens after CU-IUD insertion; the device becomes less effective and should be removed. There is minimal risk experienced if the removal of the device occurs in absence of contraction or miscarriages (Berger, 2012).
Critique
The major mechanism of action for LNG and UPA is preventing the rupture of follicles and ovulation. However, rarely prevents ovulation, and, it there is therefore, a need to develop effective emergency contraceptive methods. However, UPA causes a direct inhibitory effect on follicular rupture, which becomes effective when used after ovulation. The primary role of using Cu-IUD is to prevent fertilization through the production of copper ions on sperm viability and function. The method is also effective while used in the oocyte and endometrium to help prevent pregnancy when sexual intercourse happens after ovulation, which probably contributes to its high efficiency (Berger, 2012).
Adequate knowledge about the use of EC is necessary to avoid the consequences of either unplanned pregnancies. Insertion of CU-IUD is the most effective EC method used during the menstrual cycle...
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