In addition, memory manager now relies on kernel page tables that are loaded at system initiation and allocated on demand. This saves a significant amount of system resources including a minimum of 1.5MB on Intel x86-based systems and up to 3MB on PAE-based systems. The resource savings are exponential when applied to 64-bit systems, where up to 2.5GB of memory can be saved through this approach to memory management. Microsoft also continued this approach to the definition of the boot sequence on systems with large registries, predominantly found on 32-bit based Intel systems. The options on this specific Memory Managers include turning on or off the option of using a 3GB switch, which is essential for larger systems used for multipath network configurations.
Memory Manager's primary design goal was to map VA memory space to physical memory, regardless of location or relative access characteristics. This necessitates in many larger Vista configurations reliance on the MMC to coordinate I/O process routines.
Network Management
TCP/IP has been the foundation of networking within all Windows operating systems since their inception of Windows NT, and with each release Microsoft continually refines and augments their interpretation of this standard. Windows Vista is a major refresh of the TCP/IP protocol stack with support added for a dual Internet Protocol (IP) layer architecture. Much has been written about this dual IP approach to the TCP/IP layer architecture as it supports both IPv4 and IPv6 standards at two levels of the TCP/IP stack including the Transport and Framing Layers. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported in the default configuration of the Vista operating system. Microsoft also chose to include modifications to the TCP/IP command interpretation for improvement to secured HTTP connections with the HTTP.SYS enhancements, support for Internet Protocol security (IPsec) and several enhancements to the Windows firewall. As here had been security breaches in the past relative to Windows Sockets, Microsoft chose Vista as the Windows version to make these modifications as well. Quality of Service (QoS), a major concern for many companies given the use of server and site loading by hackers to shut down sites, is also now implemented in Vista. Enhancements to Server Message Block 2.0 (SMB), WinINet, Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) 6.0 and 6.1 support, and enhancements to peer-to-peer networking all have been integrated into the network management functions of Vista.
Security Management
As Microsoft defined security as the primary design objective of Vista, this area has received the most attention from a development and continual testing and validation standpoint internally before Vista was launched. Previous operating systems including Windows 2000 and Windows XP had been susceptible to malware attacks; therefore Microsoft concentrated on developing entirely new approaches to countering these threats to Vista. The integrated web browser, Internet Explorer is designed to sense and block malware before it's loaded onto a systems, which is a major improvement over the previous operating systems' nonintegrated approach to security on this specific threat.
Additional security features include User Account Control, a much-needed change to user authentication and security logic which gives users the flexibility of changing their own settings to the point of not comprising security of their systems. This was designed specifically to address the needs of system administrators and it departments, who would find users would change settings on their systems to allow an application to run, yet would significantly increase the risks of it also becoming infected with a virus. Second, Microsoft has also created an architectural layer in their operating system which is given the name Windows Defender (Melber, 47). The purpose of the Defender layer of Vista is to evaluate and classify software as it is being installed to see if it is also trying to modify or destroy other applications at the same time. Defender acts as a security auditor, watching the specific installation of applications to ensure all other aspects of the operating system are safe (Melber, 46). The most discussed new series of features involve modifications to the firewall, specifically the support for bidirectional traffic and support for outbound filtering in peer-to-peer networking environments. The catalysts for these additions to the firewall have been driven by the rise in social networking traffic companies are experiencing and the resulting peer-to-peer development requirements. Microsoft has taken features from its NTFS file system and created the Windows Service Hardening, which blocks the extent of changes that any given malware or security threat can make to any part of the operating system or its applications. Network Access Protection is an extension of the Windows Service Hardening (Melber, 47), with the intent being the prevention of internal network...
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