¶ … Extinction Events or Environmental Catastrophes
Many uncertainties exist over the acts and roles of extinction in the world today. Nonetheless, with all these uncertainties, it is possible to formulate reasonable statements that depict the probable role of extinction. The role of extinction can be thought to have some elements, most of which are instrumental in striking the relationship and power seen in evolution and extinction in the earth's history up to the appearance of hominids (8 million years ago) . For any widespread species or any group of a widespread species, extinction needs some bit of environmental shock that comes in the form of physical or biological aspects that normally occur. Such occurrences take place during the geological lifespans of the given species or groups of species. In this case, the shock that is resulting has to be applied with a rapidness that is enough to take place over a broad geographical area as a way of preventing adaptation through the process of natural selection or other methods of escape like migration. In the case that the most effective types of extinction mechanisms are greater than the experience acquired by the victims, there will occur a higher chance and degree of apparent randomness that has to be expected at all times. In such a case, survivors are those organisms that have adapted, with fortune, to the unexpected stress that comes their way[footnoteRef:1]. Through such an occurrence, the acts of extinction in the earth's history up to the appearance of hominids (8 million years ago) plays the role of bringing about extinction selection and organism creation for the survival of the better organism. [1: I Fry, Iris. 2000. The emergence of life on Earth: a historical and scientific overview. New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press.] [1: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The sixth extinction: an unnatural history. New York, Routledge.]
Some of the major and intense occurrences of extinction result in what is likely to be famous and natural restructuring of the biosphere. One of such episode of extinction is the Big Five extinction. When such occurrences take place, almost three-quarters or even more, of the diversity that is present is eliminated. At such occurrence, diversification of the lineages that are surviving results in the global biosphere that is different entirely from the one that was existent before the start of the process of extinction. Such occurrences are what have resulted in new features within the biosphere in the world today. Not everything is possibly the same for a long time as long as evolution takes place[footnoteRef:2]. For instance, in the earth's history up to the appearance of hominids (8 million years ago) has been dominated by the changes called evolutionary forms and terms, resulting in changes in the biosphere. [2: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The sixth extinction: an unnatural history. New York, Routledge.]
It is common to say that in the earth's history up to the appearance of hominids (8 million years ago); extinction does not take place on its own. It does not make any significant contribution to the processes and the complex aspect of evolution structures like the limbs and wings. As far as it does not contribute to such, it cannot be neglected as with no immediate features of change that have on the overall change of the biosphere. Because of such a conception, extinction is influential in the sustenance or elimination of the structures that were dominant in the past and are no longer there today. Through extinction, the characteristics like limbs have been eradicated because of this process of change, notably extinction and evolution.
One major example of extinction that highlights its significance is that of the pterosaurs that died out in the late Cretaceous, resulting in reptiles not again having the power for flight. Such occurrence can be certain to have fostered the tertiary radiation among bats. In the case that the pterosaurs had survived, much could be thought to have happened regarding adaptations and survival of these creatures. In such a case, it can be said that the major extinctions are thought to have greater significance on the future process and path of evolution, which is either constructive or destructive[footnoteRef:3]. [3: Walter, Alvarez. "Armageddon" in "T Rex and the Crater of Doom." (New York: Vintage Books, 1998. Pp 1-22]
When the levels of extinction are still found at the lower intensities, it is common to find the Darwin-style selectivity that is common, but not in the case of a few selected spectacular cases, like Jablonski's studies on the effects of the development...
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