¶ … Britain
The Celts
Celtic history and influence in Britain spanned several centuries: between the 7th and 1st centuries BCE. The Celts originated in Central and Western Europe and they eventually migrated to the British Isles. The Celts would have a huge impact on early British linguistic and cultural development. They would later be considered adversaries of the Romans, who successfully dominated and nearly obliterated Celtic culture on the islands. After the downfall of the Roman Empire and waning Roman rule in Great Britain, Celtic culture enjoyed a small resurgence. However, Druidic religion and culture would be overshadowed by Christianity.
However, the lingering effects of Celtic culture remained strong throughout British history. Celtic influence on British culture focuses on language, weapons, culture, religion, and art. Language and cultural identity are inextricable from Celtic influence, and many Celtic languages are still spoken throughout the British Isles today including Welsh, Manx, and both Scottish and Irish Gaelic. Iron weapons, iron coins, iron tools, and iron for chariots were all major Celtic contribution to British society. The Celts also introduced the Druid religion and unique art forms including the flowing knot patterns of the Celtic design (Chapter 1).
The Romans
Roman influence in Britain began soon after the Roman conquest of Gaul, modern day France. One of the primary reasons Emperor Caesar conquered Britain was to punish the Celts for supposedly aiding the Gaul cause (Chapter 2). Caesar also understood the potential for plundering the wealth of the island nations of Britannia. The Roman era of British history imparted the name Britannia to most of what is now Great Britain. A first Roman invasion occurred in 55-54 BCE. A second invasion took place in 43 CE and was initiated by Claudius (Chapter 2). Among Claudiu's motives were to bolster himself as a military leader but also to gain a political and military stronghold throughout the region. This meant suppressing, oppressing, and ultimately eliminating the Druidic Celts. Wales fell to the Romans in 78 CE. Hadrian's Wall demarcated the boundary of Roman Britannia in 122-128 CE. This boundary remains today to distinguish lands of England from Scotland. In the 2nd...
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