¶ … Wa" in Japanese Business Culture
The series of articles depicting the kind of business culture in Japan reflects on the collectivist and high level of uncertainty avoidance present in the Japanese society. Collectivism and uncertainty avoidance is best illustrated through the concept of "wa," which may mean any of the following: "harmony, peace, tranquility, and balance." In this paper, "wa" is studied in the context of the business environment, applying this in discussing the basic principles present in the Total Quality Management (TQM) principles, conceived by W. Edwards Deming.
TQM, according to Deming, is defined as follows: "TQM means that the organization's culture is defined by and supports the constant attainment of costumer satisfaction... This involves the continuous improvement organizational processes, resulting in high quality products and services." In effect, TQM focuses on two important principles: "customer-centered and employee driven management" (Kreitner, 1995:16).
Japanese business culture is evidently an example of a society that subsists to the principles of TQM. Looking into the cultures of businesses in Japan, cooperation and harmonious relationship is preferred over competition and individualism, respectively. Sen Nishyama's article on the "wa" culture of Japan shows that "[a] strong sense of group cohesiveness" exists, where "each worker feel responsible for the quality of the final product coming off the line." In this passage, the customer-driven principle is adhered to; furthermore, employee compensations are given in order to motivate and encourage employees to perform their best and continue cooperating with the other members of the organization.
Another example of the employee-driven...
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