¶ … women's entrepreneurs: Evidence from an East African Economy (Ethiopia)
It is an established fact that the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sectors can help large parts of the populace in underdeveloped economies like Ethiopia as the means for livelihood. African women are beleaguered with societal and cultural challenges and overall entrepreneurial attributes, and that is reflected in the lack of their entrepreneurship development. This study hence takes up the issues ascribed to entrepreneurship orientation in African women and the factors affecting their business orientation. Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) levels of the African women were found to lie in the lower and mid levels assessed against businesswomen elsewhere. The EO of women is found to be positively related to multiple and often diversified business interests and ownerships amongst different socio-economic strata (Gelan & Wedajo 2013). This study is comprised of 203 entrepreneurs involved in 5 categories employing random, stratified sampling method. The questionnaire will be open ended and applied to analytics through Likert scales. The role of TAFE-delivered vocational education and training (TVETs) in shaping the entrepreneurship attitudes in women will be assessed through the questionnaire that seeks information about attitudes and aptitudes of women entrepreneurs and their businesses, parameters influencing the performance in MSEs owned by African women, supports MSEs acquire from TVETs and demographic profiling. In order to get better understanding of the phenomenon, the officials, and educators in MSE departments, and TVETs will also be interviewed. The data will be put through simple statistical analytics: tables and percentages, and standard and mean deviations (Wube 2010).
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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1.
Introduction
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2.
Background of the study
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3.
Problem statement
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4.
Research objectives
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5.
Research question and hypotheses
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6.
Significance of study
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7.
Brief explanation of methodology
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8.
Gantt Chart
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9.
Body Citation & References
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
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1.
Introduction
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2.
Review of the relevant literature
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3.
List of Hypothesis or propositions
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4.
Theoretical Framework
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5.
References
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6.
Title Page of articles
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OUTLINES
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1.
Introduction
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2.
Population and Sample Size
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3.
Sampling Method
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4.
Site of study
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5.
Data collection method
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6.
Data Collection Instruments
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7.
Measurement of variables
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8.
Data analysis plan
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9.
References
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.
Introduction
Even though about fifty percent of the eighty million population of Ethiopia comprises of women, very few figure in the operational or even the start up business levels. The limitations they face comprise of but not limited to access to finance, infrastructure (including land and property ownerships), access to entrepreneurial skills' training and obtaining information about various business opportunities (Andualem, 2004). Women are suited to run MSEs as small businesses' demands on resources (time and finance, both) are frugal and flexible and can also be altered easily based on market conditions and demands (Shapero, 1975; Saravanan 2014)
Entrepreneurship can be defined as innovating or creating something by adding value and engaging in it to result in a commercial, socially engaging product that rewards the worker monetarily while providing personal satisfaction (Robert D.Hisrich 1989). Alternatively, Entrepreneurship can mean identifying, assessing and exploiting possibilities to evolve a commercial model that takes the form of a business (Stevenson 1986; Saravanan 2014).
Environmental and climatic conditions in the form of famines, drought and internal wars in the nation and a general lack of conducive business environment in the country has made the socio-economic fabric unstable that eventually leads to slow economic growth. The competitive business environment across the world calls for an innovative entrepreneurial approach among a nation's citizenry. Lack of such an attitude in the psyche of Ethiopia is the main cause of the nation's decadent economic status over and above the natural causes (Konji, 1972). Entrepreneurship development and growth can help address most of the economic problems facing the nation. It also has a far-reaching effect on...
Variable vs. Absorption Costing Whether to use variable or absorption costing would depend on the type of decisions the information is being evaluated for. Variable costing provides a better understanding of the effects of fixed costs, allows better understanding and ease in using cost control methods, provides information for CVP (cost volume profit analysis), and is closer to cash flows (Variable costing vs. absorption costing, 2012). Absorption costing is used in
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variable and fixed costs? There are plenty of differences between 'fixed costs', and 'variable costs'. While variable costs are those that can be varied according to the changes taking place, fixed costs are those costs of investment goods that are used by the firm or company, with the idea that it would only be through wearing them out by way of the production of goods or by services for sale
Human Trafficking The goal to eradicate human trafficking in today's modern society is an admirable one, and one that should be attainable. As Gallagher states in a 2011 study "The TVPA lays down minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking as well as detailed criteria for evaluating the performance of states" (Gallagher, 2011, p. 381). Gallagher goes on to compare the TVPA with similar international laws and finds that on an
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Cho, Y., Song, H. (2015). Determinants of whistleblowing within government agencies. Public Personnel Management, 44(4): 450-472. Cho and Song (2015) examine the determinants of whistleblowing behaviors in public administrative positions in their study by basing their approach on the work of Miceli and Near, who "argued that proactive personality, less co-worker invalidation, and leverage in the specific situation lead to whistleblowing" (p. 450). However, in their research, Cho and Song (2015)
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