Models of Media and Politics
A review of media / political models sheds some light on why the United States' cultural themes have been such a dominant dynamic in Europe, among other global venues. In describing the three models of media and politics, Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini report that the media in Southern Europe (the "Mediterranean" or "Polarized Pluralist Model") is "an institution of the political and literary worlds" more than it is market-driven (Hallin, et al., 2004 90). The North and Central European model is called the "Democratic Corporatist Model" -- and is certainly more market-driven and far less politically driven; and the third model is the "North Atlantic" or "Liberal model" of media and politics (Hallin 87).
The North Atlantic or Democratic Corporatist model, according to Mark a. Baker II encompasses Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the "Low Countries" and Scandinavia, and can be broken down into three characteristics. These three -- Baker calls the "Three Coexistences" -- help define Hallin's original conceptual model. In the first "coexistence" there is a "high degree of parallelism with a strong mass circulation press" (Baker, 2010 2).
The media in these nations frequently express "partisan and social divisions," Baker writes. The second coexistence is the impressive and "high level" of "journalistic professionalism"; and the third is based on the strong commitment to freedom of the press and that the press is entirely autonomous from the state (Baker, 2). On the subject of freedom of the press, Baker refers to Hallin's model and recalls that in 1776 the Swedish Constitution recognized freedom of the press and as time as passed there has been the "rise of mass literacy" which has its roots in the Protestant Reformation (and hence, Martin Luther's name is prominent in this discussion) (2). Once the Aristocracy and Catholic Church no longer controlled knowledge and authority, Baker asserts, mass literacy and the mass market press exploded in these societies.
The third media model, the "North Atlantic" or "Liberal Model," is really the only model that has been thoroughly analyzed in the critical, scholarly press. That model covers Canada, the UK, the U.S., and other Western cultures. There are "substantial differences though between the United States -- a "purer example of a liberal system" -- and Britain, "where statist conservatism, liberal corporatism, and social democracy have been stronger than in the U.S." (Hallin 230).
In reviewing Hallin's critique of these three media and political models it is not clear whether any of the three -- or the three together -- could blunt the juggernaut of American media's continuing influence and potency in Europe or elsewhere. That of course wasn't the purpose of Hallin's research, but in reading through his models one can easily discern why the American media -- commercial TV, print, movies and electronic media -- has made easy inroads into Europe and remains powerfully influential, and a force to be reckoned with.
It seems that what happens to media and politics in the U.S. ends up happening elsewhere. Whether that is due to the saturation of U.S. political, entertainment and media culture into Europe and Asia or not, Hallin (3) reports that media coverage of politicians in the U.S. has "…become increasingly negative over the past few decades" and the trend is "virtually universal across Western democracies."
CNN / CNN International -- American Perspective & Culture Flowing Freely
The extraordinary success of the Cable News Network nationally and internationally in itself is part of the answer to the thesis question posed at the outset of this paper: Indeed, U.S. corporate media companies continue to be the dominant media economy. The advent of the Internet has changed the way millions of people get their news and other information, and the ability to gain instant access to online news -- from anywhere on the planet at any moment -- has truly been a revolution in communication and has, at the same time, the tables on print media. Newspapers (especially in the U.S.) are on the shrinking side of the ledger as their revenue has been cut drastically because people are getting their news online.
Meanwhile, the Cable News Network (CNN) has been in the forefront of online content for perhaps longer than most other media sources, certainly those abroad. Jacob Groshek writes in the Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media that the online versions of CNN and CNN International are "remarkably consistent in telling audiences in America and abroad what to think about" (Groshek 2008 52). Telling people what to think about has a "big brother" sound to it but that is what...
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