¶ … dawn of the 20th century gave rise to racial consciousness and an awareness of racism as a potential political force. All around the world, oppressed persons became aware of the systemic nature of oppression. National boundaries and situational differences existed, but did not cloud the fact that European racial hegemony had long been a part of the means by which power had been established for centuries. Colonialism and imperialism were racist enterprises. The teachings of Marx and other sociologists helped raise awareness and provided the means by which to analyze and understand racism throughout the world. In Uneven Encounters: Making Race and Nation in Brazil and the United States, Micol Siegel traces the way racial consciousness developed simultaneously in different regions, and how that consciousness manifested in Brazil and the United States in particular. Siegel explores the importance of global communications technologies, the media, and other practical factors that made it possible for racial consciousness to become a global political movement. Siegel's analysis is astute and novel, in that it conceptualizes the dawn of global race consciousness through the lenses of transnational exchanges and networks of global capitalism too. Drawing on key figures in the movement, like W.E.B. DuBois, Siegel shows how Marxism...
Moreover, Siegel shows how nation-building, which was once the province of the elite and especially of the European Christian elite, had become inextricably entwined with race consciousness. Twentieth century organizations like the Nation of Islam in the United States used language denoting nationhood to reveal the global union between persons of color that transcended the globally accepted but white-dominant political boundaries (SPLC, 2015). Although Siegel does not mention Israel in his book, the notion of a Jewish state also reflects the budding racial consciousness that emerged out of the anti-oppression movement. As people who had been systematically oppressed began to recognize their common grounds, they joined together across national boundaries in order to create systems of power viable enough to combat oppression.
Moreover, most of the police officers believed that criminalization was not an appropriate or effective method to deal with batterers because it "leads to the break-up of the family" (Ganapathy). According to a 2004 study of 1,200 women in Bangladesh, some 67% reported having experience domestic violence, and 35% during the past year (Islam). Domestic violence was higher among women with a dowry agreement, and was also higher among women
Brazil Early History and Discover Current artifacts, including cave paintings, suggest that human beings inhabited Brazil more than 300,000 years ago. European explorers found only a small indigenous population when they arrived in the land, but archaeological records indicate that there were large settlements in other areas, which could have been substantially reduced by smallpox and other diseases brought in by the European explorers. These early indigenous inhabitants were classified into a sedentary
Firmin / Gobineau etc. Is race a construct of the Enlightenment? Obviously the European encounter with a racially-constructed "other" begins a long time before the Enlightenment, with Montaigne's cannibals and Shakespeare's Caliban. But the Enlightenment facilitated a kind of scientism in thought that not only gave rise to new disciplines (like anthropology) but also permitted pseudo-science, like the so-called "scientific racism" of the Comte de Gobineau. I would like to examine
Urban Areas in South America In the scholarly journal ETHOS, there is an article by Baran (2007) entitled “Girl, You are Not Morena. We are Negras! Questioning the Concept of ‘Race’ in Southern Bahia, Brazil” that examines the way in which race is perceived in urban areas on South America—particularly in Brazil where the city of Salvador is located. Race is a major issue for urban areas in the United States,
Virginia's code lagged far behind South Carolina's of 1696 and the earlier British island codes" (Vaughn 306). These early slave codes also served to further differentiate the appropriate legal rights that were afforded white indentured servants compared to their enslaved African counterparts. In this regard, Leon Higgenbotham adds that "at the same time the codes were emphatic in denying slaves any of the privileges or rights that had accrued to
Systems of Power and Inequality In early March of 2012, a 28-minute video on the plight of African children received more than 21 million YouTube views. The video vividly depicts how the guerilla warlord Joseph Kony, leader of the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), reportedly abducted over 60,000 children who were subsequently forced to become child soldiers or sex slaves over the course of the civil war. Captured children who did not
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