¶ … Youth
Jean Piaget's theory of child development dates back to the 1920s, although he became more prominent in the 1950s. Like the Freudians, he posited that children underwent certain stages of moral and cognitive development, although these were not so heavily based on sexuality and gratification of the basic drives and instincts of the id. Rather he maintained the infants and small children passed through a stage of gaining basic control over sensorimotor and bodily functions, eventually developing concrete and finally abstract thought by the end of adolescence. He also recognized that cognitive development and morality were closely related, as did Erik Erikson and the other ego psychologists. Piaget claimed that children should develop ethics of reciprocity and cooperation by the age of ten or eleven, at the same time they became aware of abstract and scientific thought. Erikson in particular deemphasized the early Freudian concern with oral, anal, phallic and genital stages in favor of a model that emphasized the development of children into autonomous, fully functioning individuals, free from neurotic shame and guilt imposed by parents during toilet training and early sexual experimentation. He also argued that schizophrenia, neurosis, hysteria and obsessive-compulsive disorders all had their roots in early children, starting from the time when infants first learned that they could trust their mothers during feeding.
Piaget was certainly ahead of his time in studying the mental and moral development of infants and children, at a time when such research was uncommon. Researchers today would not "know even a fraction of what they know about intellectual development without Piaget's groundbreaking work" (Sigelman and Reder, 2012, p, 232). He was the first to realize that infants were very active in their own cognitive development and that children had quite different...
Youth Subcultures Sociologists base their studies of youth subcultures on structured and unstructured interviews, participant observation and analysis of media, texts and music. Unlike similar studies in the 1950s and 1960s, such as Albert Cohen's Delinquent Boys (1955) that described post-World War II youth cultures as a relatively new and unknown phenomenon, more recent research over the past thirty years has been heavily based on feminist and postmodernist theories. These place
Youth violence is a major problem in the world today that must be continually researched and examined in order to reduce its harmful grasp. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), violent acts were the second leading cause of death for young people in the United States in 2010 (Understanding Youth). Youth violence not only includes children that are victims of violent acts, but also those that commit acts
Youth Victimization While for many people the tendency to ascribe the status of victim to a fellow individual is often motivated by prejudicial factors such as race or gender, current research indicates that age is also a primary determinant affecting how the public and media assess victimization. Multiple studies have concluded that young people are increasingly being linked to criminality in the collective consciousness of society, and as John Muncie observes
Socio-Ecological Model for stress among youth The article looks at the relationship between neighborhood socio-economic disadvantages and the perceived stress during the middle and late adolescence stages among African-American youth. The total number that was used was 665, with 51% being female and a median age of 15.9 years at the baseline (Brenner A. & Zimmerman M., 2013). Neighborhood Poverty Litter Social disorder Socio-economic disadvantages Social decay Unemployment Noise Intra-individual Individual Health problems related to stress Chronic life stressors Substance abuse Hassle High effort coping Psychological
Youth Justice System in Canada The doli incapax defence, which refers to the incapacity to do wrong, was developed under the English common law where a child under the age of seven was deemed incapable to do wrong. The same immunity was extended to a child aged between seven and thirteen with the presumption that this age group had not yet developed sufficient intelligence and experience to understand the consequence of
In addition to psychological factors, social factors also play a part in the development of violence in youth in the United States. According to the University of Pittsburgh's Office of Child Development, these social factors may play as important of a role as the psychological factors. First, educational institutions can have a large impact on violence in children. According to their research, over 80% of children failing school have serious
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