Norm- Versus Criterion-Referenced Tests
The difference between norm- and criterion-referenced tests is that the former compares test scores to a reference group, while the latter compares test scores to a performance standard. Norm-referenced tests are quite common. For example, student reading performance in primary schools may be compared to the mean score for all children of the same age. The norm comparison group would likely consist of all students within a school district, state, or nation who took the same test at the same age. Students who scored lower or higher than the mean for the norm reference group would be ranked as low or high achievers. Imagine, however, if someone wishing to qualify for a motor vehicle license was only required to achieve a score close to the mean score for all drivers? Using a norm-referenced driver test would likely be a bad public safety choice, especially if there are a lot of bad drivers on the road.
By comparison, public safety would be better served if all licensed drivers were required to understand 90% of road signs, be able to parallel park, and could navigate a complex and busy intersection without any problems. These represent standards of performance and therefore driver's tests are typically criterion-referenced tests. When using a criterion-referenced test it does not matter whether the majority of the population performs more poorly or better than the reference standard because the standard is not tied to population performance statistics. This is probably the most important difference between norm- and criterion-referenced tests, because the performance of the norm-referenced group may change over time, thereby altering the performance standards of the test. By comparison, the reference standards on a criterion-referenced test will not change, regardless of changes in the sampled population.
Question 2: Qualities of norming groups
There are no standards that can be...
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