In this crucial first printing development, a raised, reversed image of each letter could be hand-set, placing each word side by side, into a frame that held the combined pieces. Ink was applied to the raised letters and a sheet of paper placed over them and pressed down. This reverse stamp created a correct mirror image on the paper of the desired text. When enough copies were printed, the letters could then be taken apart and reused. Numerous copies of a document could be printed much faster than ever before, and soon printing shops were appearing at a rapid rate over the next century. Not only books, but also newspapers, pamphlets, and other forms of media helped spread news throughout Europe, and by the 17th century, throughout the British colonies in America.
During the Industrial Revolution, technology evolved rapidly, including the printing press techniques. The steam-powered press was invented in Germany in the 19th century, and in 1846, the rotary press was introduced in the United States. This latest printing invention allowed images to be printed onto a continuous sheet of paper from a rotating drum. Next, the Linotype typesetting machine was patented by the American inventor Ottmar Mergenthaler in 1884, permitting typesetters to set text by typing on a keyboard rather than hand-setting each letter. Together, the Linotype machine and the rotary press transformed the speed of printing. These so-called "hot-metal" or "letterpress" printing technologies dominated the industry until the 1950s, when phototypesetting and photo-offset printing were introduced.
Photocopying was another technology that made document duplication easier. Invented in the 1950's by American physicist and inventor Edwin Land, photocopying transfers an image from one sheet of paper to another very rapidly. A natural advance from photocopying is the most recent computer-based typesetting and printing. Computers enable users to type document pages on the screen before actually printing them, and can be viewed and printed in either black and white or colored ink. Page layouts can also be transmitted digitally (numerically coded into electronic pulse format) through...
The codes appeared on the screen and were read by trained typographers. In 1970, the Merganthaler Linotype VIP became the first phototypesetter to incorporate a minicomputer with programmable software that could be used to process raw text within the output machine (Barlow & Eccles, 1992). The graphic artist and designer had been losing some of their credibility in relationship to the fine artists up to the 1970s, because typesetting became
Web-based technologies are in fact the essence of distance learning because students from all over the world can attend courses they could not if the were confined to a geographic location. Organizational and reference tools including digital calendars, dictionaries, translation devices, and journals allow both instructor and student to manage their time more efficiently. Digital calendars can be set with alarms that help students manage their time better: setting intermediate
Russian Constructivism artistic and architectural movement arose in Russia after the Revolution of 1917. The Revolution set the stage for one of the most remarkable transformations of artistic theory in the history of art. The Constructionist form was born from many artists such as Rodchenko who were in pursuit of a much more innovative approach to art. The Constructivists strived to produce bold work in painting, sculpture, photography and architecture
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