Typhoid fever disease is a global health phenomena or problem with approximately 20 million incidents and 700,000 adult deaths every year. Notably, a huge portion of these cases and deaths occur in developing countries, especially in South East Asia and Indian subcontinent. While the infection was traditionally treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, serious public health program has emerged in the past decades because of the widespread emergence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhi or S.typhi. Moreover, typhoid fever disease caused by MDR organisms can also be considered as a significant public health and therapeutic issue. This is primarily because there are a huge number of cases of MDR typhoid fever that occur in childhood and are coupled with considerably high mortality and morbidity rates. Since the disease has developed to become a significant public health issue in the past few decades, it's important to conduct a research about it and document findings. This will help in not only tackling the significant public health issue but also promoting good health among populations. This study will also be important in identifying the most effective treatment method for addressing typhoid fever disease.
As previously mentioned, typhoid fever disease is a major public health issue across the globe that is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enteric serotype typhi. The severity of the disease is evident in the fact that more than 20 million cases and at least 700,000 deaths are reported annually (Hamad et. al., 2011, p. 100). These cases and deaths are specifically prevalent in developing nations, particularly those in South East Asia and Indian subcontinent. The main reason for the prevalence of the disease in these regions is because of the problem of inadequate sewage disposal, flooding, and unsafe drinking-water. After infection by the bacterium S.typhi or MDR organisms, the disease is spread basically through contaminated water and food. Generally, infection with S.typhi contributes to approximately 16 million incidents of typhoid fever across the globe annually. The bacterium is also attributed to between 200 and 400 laboratory-confirmed cases or incidents in America. Notably, there has been a significant increase in the number of typhoid fever cases among travelers from 30% to 75%. While treatment with antimicrobial agents has reduced mortality rates from the disease in the United States, the worldwide emergence of antibiotic resistant S.typhi threatens this success (Steinberg et al., 2004, p. 186).
Typhoid fever disease is an actual diagnostic challenge because of the protean manifestations of the disease. The bacterium causing typhoid fever disease, S.typhi, has been a significant human pathogen for many years. This bacterium actually thrives in conditions of crowding, poor sanitation, and social chaos. While untreated typhoid fever may progress to severe cases like delirium and death within a month of onset, the advanced stages of the disease contributes to the patient's level of consciousness being actually clouded.
Clinical Features:
The signs and symptoms of typhoid fever illness are non-specific since the organism may not be separated from blood even under the best conditions. However, the signs and symptoms of the disease are more likely to develop gradually in a period of one to three weeks after exposure to the illness. During the first week of illness, an individual is likely to experience fever that starts low and gradually increases on a daily basis, weakness and fatigue, headache, loss of appetite, diarrhea or constipation, dry cough, abdominal pain and rash.
If a person does not receive treatment for the disease during the initial stage, it may develop to the second stage where he/she is likely to become very ill. During this period, which is the second week of illness, the patient is likely to experience constant high fever, extremely distended abdomen, diarrhea or severe constipation, and significant weight loss.
These signs and symptoms worsen during the third week of illness where the patient may become delirious and lie motionless and exhausted with the eyes half-closed. Notably, the individual is also likely to develop life-threatening complications during the third week of illness. On the fourth week of illness, improvement may come slowly as the fever declines gradually until the individual's temperature turns to normal between a week and 10 days. However, the previous signs and symptoms of the disease can return even after two weeks after the fever has decreased.
As a result of these clinical features of the disease, an individual should see a physician immediately after suspecting that he/she has the disease. In this case, the patient should consider consulting a physician who focuses on infectious diseases. This is because a specialist in this field may be able to recognize and treat the disease faster than a physician who isn't trained in these areas ("Symptoms," n.d.).
Diagnosis:
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