Type 2 Diabetes
Disease phenotype and genotype
Although several major risk factors (particularly obesity/overweightness) have been identified for diabetes mellitus type 2’s (T2D) development, not much information is available on its etiology. Environmental as well as genetic elements play a central role, with disease risk probably a reflection of a multifaceted relationship between the two. Specific T2D epidemiology elements, the extensive susceptibility to it, growth in susceptibility among individuals of particular ethnicities, and the more recent well-defined linkage between disease risk and low weight at birth have triggered multiple theories. Such theories strive towards explaining the disease’s abovementioned key epidemiological facets, in addition to broadening insights into its etiology. A common theme in the thrifty phenotype and genotype theories is the idea that T2D susceptibility might point towards prior nutritional conditions. The latter theory holds that patients’ nutritional history supports genetic polymorphisms that increase likelihood of disease diagnosis. On the other hand, the former theory posits that early adverse nutritional situations may make people vulnerable in later life (Lindsay, 2003).
The pathophysiological processes of the disease
T2D is characterized by various intracellular insulin activity-related deficits; of these, the most prominent one is reduced insulin receptor activation through tyrosine phosphorylation stimulation. This accounts for endogenous insulin’s reduced capacity when it comes to increasing tissue glucose acceptance (especially within muscles) and suppressing hepatic glucose production for the postprandial plasma glucose increases (which is a common phenomenon among diabetics).
Free adipose cell-secreted fatty acids that are produced on account of enhanced lipolysis can aggravate insulin resistance as well, via the inhibition of phosphorylation and glucose transport, decreased glycogen production and glucose oxidation rates, greater secretion of apolipoprotein B and a growth in hepatic lipase activity. Persistently enhanced levels of free fatty acids prevent beta cells from secreting insulin and tend to lower liver and muscle insulin sensitivity (Codario, 2011).
Genetic...
References
Baier, L. J., & Hanson, R. L. (2004). Genetic studies of the etiology of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes, 53(5), 1181-1186.
Codario, R. A. (2011). Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome [recurso electrónico]. Estados Unidos: Humana Press.
Lindsay, R. S. (2003). Is Type 2 Diabetes the Result of a “Thrifty Genotype” or a “Thrifty Phenotype”? International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus.
Marathe, P. H., Gao, H. X., & Close, K. L. (2017). American Diabetes Association standards of medical care in diabetes 2017. Journal of diabetes, 9(4), 320-324.
McGill, M., Blonde, L., Chan, J. C., Khunti, K., Lavalle, F. J., & Bailey, C. J. (2017). The interdisciplinary team in type 2 diabetes management: Challenges and best practice solutions from real-world scenarios. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 7, 21-27.
Nishi, M., & Nanjo, K. (2011). Insulin gene mutations and diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 2(2), 92–100. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00100.x
Orenstein, B. W. (2015, September 18). How Ethnicity Affects Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/type-2-diabetes-management/ethnicity-diabetes-risk/
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2016). Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/risk-factors-type-2-diabetes
US National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Type 2 diabetes - Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/type-2-diabetes#
Winter, S. (2016, November 21). Is Type 2 Diabetes Caused by Genetics? Retrieved November 21, 2017, from https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/genetics#genes3
Diabetes Evidence-Based Practice Diabetes Diabetes is a disease which stays with the patient life-long except in some cases where the diabetes is gestational which occurs during pregnancy and often goes back to normal after the delivery. Typically there are two types of diabetes which are type 1 and type 2 diabetes but less common are gestational diabetes and other types which contain features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Cowle
Head injury, brain surgery, and brain tumor are potential causes of Central Diabetes Insipidus. Nephrogenic Diabetes Inspidus is far les common than Central Diabetes Inspipidus and is caused by kidney defects. Kidney disease, an X chromosomal abnormality, and certain pharmaceuticals such as lithium can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Stopping the intake of culprit medications can often reverse Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Symptoms of the different types of diabetes differ. Fatigue, excessive
Some patients feel helpless, hopeless, depressed, isolated from others, belittled, and do not know how to seek appropriate help from others (Rutter 2004). Socially supportive arrangements were addressed as the attributes of socially legitimate roles which provide for the meeting dependency needs without loss of esteem. Socially supportive environments were presented as pattern interpersonal relationships mediated through shared values and sentiments as well as facilitate the performance of social
However, advancements in pharmacogenetics promises new and better ways of managing diabetes. Studies have shown that Lisofylline, an anti-inflammatory compound is very effective in suppressing the autoimmune activity and in improving the islet secretion of insulin. Mice studies showed significant difference (25% vs. 91.6%) in the onset of diabetes among Lisofylline treated mice compared to placebo mice. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines IFN-? And TNF-? levels correlated with reduction in
The development of new antidiabetic agents -- for example, insulin analogs and incretin-based therapies -- has led to new treatment strategies that will allow those patients with Type 2 DM to achieve target HbA1c levels (2011). However, he notes that there are many factors that can interfere with the ability of some patients to reach metabolic targets (2011). Clinical data shows that HbA1c concentration, blood pressure, and serum levels
I. Introduction A. Topic selection and the reason for selecting The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide (WHO, 2016). WHO links diabetes to other chronic condition such as kidney failure, stroke, heart attacks, retinopathy and neuropathy, conditions that lead to declined life expectancy. A new report published by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates an increasing prevalence of diabetes in the US and diabetes
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now