¶ … twentieth century, sports remained a predominantly localized activity. Even the ancient Greek Olympics did not draw players or fans from around the globe, only within the Aegean region. Globalization, urbanization, and new forms of communication and transportation have changed everything about sports.
Globalization has transformed the nature of team spirit itself, helping to erase cultural and national boundaries in sports. Especially evident in American baseball and in international soccer, globalization has created teams and fan bases that are comprised of diverse people. Those teams and their fans buy into a manufactured identity, one that can be traced to the same basic marketing principles used in branding. Teams are branded products. In this way, teams have become commodified entities not unlike the sporting gear and alcoholic beverages peddled at sporting events.
Marketing has also expanded the target market for sports. Once a primarily male pastime, spectator sports are now enjoyed by scores of female viewers. Females, like males, watch sports with primarily male participants, too. Globalization and its aftereffects are directly responsible for reaching out to new and untapped fan bases. Marketing tactics such as creating merchandise made for women has meant that sports can continue to grow as a distinct business sector.
Sports have become a viable means to stimulate local and even national economies. Before the twentieth century, such a thing would have been completely unheard of, preposterous to even consider. The tools of the global marketplace make sports absolutely relevant in a global economy. A local sports team can draw investment from outside of the community, leading to a growth in small businesses as well as the establishment of external companies. The result is more local jobs and growth in tourism and associated service industries. Even national economies benefit from sports. A nation with a winning soccer team enjoys an effect not unlike a marketing buzz. Especially teams that host major international sports events like the Olympics or the World Cup enjoy foreign direct investments.
Therefore, globalization has had the greatest impact on sports culture and history. The exchange of players across national boundaries has facilitated the development of superpower teams. Fans become devoted to their local teams with all the fervor of brand loyalty. Sports has become big business.
Turkey, clearly has a proud and longstanding history with sports and sports enthusiasm. Sports, as a cultural access point in fact is written into the Turkish constitution, as an aspect of cultural and personal growth goals for the entire nation. Turkey is one of the rare countries in the world which has an article related to sports in her Constitution. Article 59 of the Constitution says, "The State takes measures
There was an obvious thirst for sports, and the television was the piece of technology best equipped to quench that thirst -- and to provide advertising space along with it (MBC 2010). It has even been suggested that without the decision to broadcast sports on television, the medium would have had a much slower and uncertain beginning, and radio would have remained more popular (MBC 2010). From the trajectory of
Sports have graduated in the last half of the twentieth century from hobbies or pastimes into the pure, unadulterated pursuit of profit. In short, shorts have become a commodity to be exploited as far as the market will allow. The history of American sports has seen this process play out in a stepwise fashion; every several years developments come about that enable the enterprise to expand and increase profits. The
Europe Women's Suffrage Most countries in Western and Central Europe, including Great Britain granted women the vote right after World War I, and only in the Scandinavian nations of Norway and Finland did they receive it earlier than that. France stood out as exceptional, however, no matter that it was the homeland of democratic revolution and of the idea of equal rights for women. It also had a highly conservative side
"[footnoteRef:8] Women's roles as midwives and tenders of the sick were impinged upon by professional medical practitioners and their traditional roles at the sickbed were assumed by men. The profession of medicine itself became polarized into different roles: while as late as the Civil War in America males often assumed the role of 'nurse,' increasingly this profession (often conceptualized as a doctor's helper in its earlier incarnation) became relegated to
Feminism From the 1920s to the 1980s, women's roles and social status were both dramatically expanded and simultaneously retarded. Promising progress was often met by simultaneous setbacks. Such fluctuations and dichotomies persist until this day, as women are being portrayed in conflicting ways in the media and in politics. The double standard for women has been the overarching theme of the twentieth century female experience. The 1920s was a time for
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