Particularly, the risks of diverse neoplasms have been seen to be raised in Turner Syndrome is quite low quantum, however, except for gut cancer and gonaboblastoma in patients having occult Y chromosome sequences. (Cabanas; Garcia-Caballero; Barreiro; Castro-Feijoo; Gallego; Arevalo; Canete; Pombo, 2005)
Additionally, there appear to have no prior indication of the relationship between the Turner Syndrome and papillary thyroid carcinoma, irrespective of the fact that there has been one report of an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a TS patient in association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Several epidemiological studies and studies relating to exhaustive long-term monitoring of GH-associated patients have been seen to have benefited therapeutically from GH treatment and found to be safe having no detectable effect on risk of cancer. But the current studies have shown a probable relationship between GH-IGF axis and the pathogenesis of neoplasms. The study on papillary thyroid carcinoma after GH therapy for Turner Syndrome has indicated that the probability of a non-causal coincidental association occurs in raising the possibility that under some circumstances GH treatment may have influences unknown to us. On this context it is considered that prospective long-term studies are necessitated to assess the possible effects of GH treatment on cancer risk. (Cabanas; Garcia-Caballero; Barreiro; Castro-Feijoo; Gallego; Arevalo; Canete; Pombo, 2005)
In a study on vasculopathy in Turner Syndrome it is established that women with Turner Syndrome have an increased cardiovascular mortality rate from both structural and ischemic heart disease particularly aortic dissection. This has been established taking the hypothesis of women with Turner Syndrome having a fundamental arterial wall defect that is probably the result of genetic elements or estrogen deficiency. The mortality with suffering from Turner Syndrome is primarily due to cardiovascular complications, by which the life expectancy is expected to be lower to 13 years. (Ostberg; Donald; Halcox; Storry; McCarthy; Conway, 2005)
The most acute threat is dissection or rupture of the aorta that attributes to about 2-8% death in women. Dilatation of the root of the aorta, hypertension and bicuspid aortic valve has been indicated as predisposing factors for aortic dissection. Additionally, the mortality as a result of ischemic heart disease is increased up to 7 fold in women with Turner Syndrome. The elements of threat for ischemic heart disease reported in Turner Syndrome among others are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity and estrogen deficiency; however, the brief mechanisms for increased cardiovascular risk in TS are not clear. The study establishes that wide structural vascular differentiations in women with TS featured by enlargement of conduit arteries and enhanced carotid initial thickening, in comparison to normal regulations. Irrespective of the fact that it indicates common underlying mechanisms at least a portion is responsible. (Ostberg; Donald; Halcox; Storry; McCarthy; Conway, 2005)
The strategy to reduce the prevalence of turner syndrome begins with increased awareness of the fragile X syndrome in the medical and teaching professions, so that ever more children are diagnosed through the general medical services. It has been indicated that in the first phase of the case finding in schools and sheltered workshops and cascade testing in the families are to be followed by a different strategy. Two possibilities have been considered in such cases. The first strategy is to detect 1 or 250 women with permutations prior to or immediately after pregnancy. This could be performed in high schools or in prenatal clinics, however, practical difficulties prevail. Women are having two X chromosomes, each of which has its own set of CCG repeats. In case of 30% of women their repeat numbers are similar so that a screening program applying polymerase chain reaction methods also required being applied Southern blot analysis in this subgroup. (Turner; Robinson; Wake; Laing; Partington, 1997)
It has been estimated to have at least 80 invasive prenatal tests for identification of one affected male, which implies consultation of those 80 women and their...
Abortion After Prenatal Testing Methods of Prenatal Diagnosis There are four methods of prenatal diagnosis that is available to women. The first and most commonly known is ultrasonography, colloquially referred to as "ultrasound." A picture of the fetus is developed through the implementation of sound waves. Ultrasound is used to identify abnormalities that are physically apparent such as deformed limbs, defective chest, and heart. During the fourteenth to sixteenth week of the
There are many of these individuals, and it is time that this is changed. Parents often look away from these kinds of problems, or they spend their time in denial of the issue because they feel that their child will not be harmed by parental involvement with drugs or alcohol. Some parents have parents that were/are addicts themselves, and some are so busy with their lives that they do not
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Christian Biotechnology: Not a Contradiction in Terms Presented with the idea of "Bioethics" most people in the scientific community today immediately get the impression of repressive, Luddite forces wishing to stifle research and advancement in the name of morality and God. Unfortunately, this stereotype too often holds true. If one looks over the many independent sites on the Internet regarding bioethics, reads popular magazines and publications, or browses library shelves for
Therefore information on previous mental health history will be sought from patients. An assessment of the presence of other mental health issues at the present time will also be conducted to allow for incorporation of this data into analysis. VII. Statistical Issues A. Sample Size To detect an effect with a power of 0.95 at a 0.05 level of significance, given the size of the study population, a sample size of 385
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