Diabetes and Thyroid
Diabetes
What is the mechanism of action of insulin and what are the differences in insulin therapy for Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus?
The pancreas secretes insulin, and it is used for the regulation of glucose from the blood into the cells. Insulin assists in lowering blood glucose by causing peripheral glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells. The breakdown of fat, proteins, and manufacture of glucose is inhibited by insulin. Insulin will also increase protein synthesis and the conversion of excess glucose to fat. Patients suffering from diabetes are not able to produce enough insulin, and this leads to hyperglycemia. Insulin therapy for type I diabetes mellitus is aimed at increasing or providing insulin in the patient's body (Trauner, Richert, & Luddeke, 2013). For type II diabetes, insulin therapy is aimed at controlling blood sugar, increasing insulin levels, and lowering the patient's resistance to insulin. Patients suffering from type I diabetes produce very little insulin or cannot produce insulin. Insulin therapy increases their insulin levels. The insulin dosage will differ and change over time. This is due to many factors like weight, health conditions, activity level, what one eats, and work. Type II diabetes patients will eventually require insulin therapy, but the treatment goals are aimed at lowering their blood sugar levels. Insulin therapy is only used when their bodies become resistant to the produced insulin.
What is an incretin and how is it currently utilized for drug therapy in diabetes mellitus?
An incretin is a hormone that works to increase the secretion of insulin in a person's body. According to Kahn (2013) incretins are gastrointestinal hormones that cause a decrease in levels of blood glucose. It is believed that glucose in the digestive tract leads to feed forward mechanism that increases the secretion of insulin. This is done in anticipation of the rise in blood glucose levels that mostly occur after absorption of ingested carbohydrates. Incretin hormones include glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1. The use of incretin as a drug therapy for diabetes mellitus may provide a therapeutic solution. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a viable candidate for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Stimulation of GLP-1 receptors is...
Thyroid Hormone and Obesity Obesity Treatment: The Efficacy and Safety of Thyroid Hormone and Derivatives Weight loss programs have traditionally focused on calorie intake reduction in combination with exercise, but new research suggests that it may be possible to simply accelerate metabolic rates using pharmaceutical interventions. The current drugs approved for treating obesity function by suppressing hunger or limiting nutritional absorption (reviewed by Tseng, Cypess, and Kahn, 2010). Unfortunately, the body is
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Diabetes Mellitus Type II Diabetes is described as a condition that results from a chronic problem of hyperglycaemia that is brought about by insulin inaction in the body system. Diabetes type II is a condition that fronts the case for a range of diabetic problems characterised by some pathophysiological symptoms, including increased insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. The problems observed in the cell function and the deteriorating pancreatic conditions
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