Perhaps the most memorable example of the cross-pollination of ideas, however, was that of the Chinese ten-meter-tall, Styrofoam "Goddess of Democracy" in Tiananmen Square. The Chinese demonstrations openly used Western symbols and quoted Western ideologues until they were silenced by the government. As with 1789, some of the 1989 revolts were successful, some unsuccessful, but all shared certain qualities in common, according to Manning. Manning concedes that all social movements draw upon pre-existing conflicts and debates, combined with a new intensification of flaring up of such issues but both years of multiple revolutions all show a common rhetoric between nations. In 1989 the "equivalent debates included rights to self-expression, freedom from government restraint, recognition of individual rights, renunciation of racial and ethnic discrimination, and recognition of communities" and a cross-cultural language of common cause, along with a desire for great change (Manning par. 66). The common, sympathetic language was non-specific and stressed the "rights of man" or "democracy" rather than a specific grievance to self-consciously illustrate the parallels between all oppressed people (Manning par. 66-67).
An interesting question not raised by Manning is if liberalization was a facilitator of revolt against these tyrannical 1989 governments. The fall of the Berlin Wall occurred after a policy of perestroika, glasnost, and arms reduction had been allowed by the U.S.S.R., not during the time of the worst Soviet repression. Similarly, China was also liberalizing its policies in 1989, allowing a greater influx of capitalism and greater freedom than had been enjoyed by the current, younger generation than their parents. Even before the Internet revolution, in 1989, young people were exposed to far more uncontrolled and uncensored mass media, which similarly created images of the potential for change and revolt to which they could relate.
However, Manning's analysis of the 1989 revolutions' non-specificity in terms of...
Transformative Art The artists that I have chosen to spotlight come from three continents and different ethnicities. They are actors, musicians, lyricists, rappers, poets, and comedians. They are also revolutionaries who are using art to transform the world that they live within into a better place. Saul Williams Saul Williams is an artist with many interests and abilities; he is hard to place in a single category. Saul Williams is a poet-both written
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