They also focus more on institutional support, like the need for appropriate funding for such educational programs, rather than psychological issues attacked to assimilation. Changing demographics in recent years in Canada have forced adult education programs to meet the challenge of doing more with fewer resources, as they fight, for more funding for programs designed to orient immigrants in the language and culture of the area. "As new citizens to Canada, they need educational programs to help them navigate the complex paths that citizenship entails and to upgrade their language, knowledge and skills to fully participate in Canadian society."
Unlike Ferrigno's article on education that accepts community criticism and a critique of society as a whole, Guo and Sork's see "adult education as an agency of social progress" in moving students forward into better economic opportunities. Adult education is "an important forum for building inclusive citizenship" more so than changing the national consciousness. Guo and Sork seem to have a fundamentally different social aim than Ferrigno, and even deny the need a high level of learner involvement in programs and "the planning of programs. They believe that "the development and character of the programs offered was determined not so much by the interactions of individuals in planning groups representing the interests of various stakeholders, but rather by the changing nature of Canada's immigration policy, the shifting character of the immigrant population, and government funding," in short, external social issues.
However, the program called SUCESS which they studied did engage in some social engineering efforts that proved successful, such as a radio station broadcast a program called the "Dim Sum Diaries," which "satirized the accents of new Chinese immigrants and stereotypes of their behavior. SUCCESS participated in a national campaign against the first and led a
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