For the former, the cellular provider (as mandated by a court order) forwards information from the site of the phone to law enforcement authorities, allowing these authorities to fixate the location of a subject and to proceed accordingly. For the latter, an audio device consisting of a transmitter, antennae and power source is attached to a person to relay interactive surveillance in a manner which is highly covert. No warrant or court order is required. Regardless of which of these myriad manners of tracking is employed, the primary objective of surveillance is to provide information which can be used as evidence to assist in the prevention of or the bringing of justice of those who have previously committed a crime. Consequently, tracking and surveillance have become integral elements in...
Foster, R.E. (2004). Police Technology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
PATRIOT ACT V. FOURTH AMENDMENT Patriot Act & 4th Amendment The Fourth Amendment was created in 1791 primarily to end the existence of general warrants, which the American colonialists hated and feared. These warrants were used by the English government to conduct door-to-door searches and mass arrests, often as a coercive method for achieving social and political goals (Maclin and Mirabella, 2011, p. 1052). With this history in mind the text of
("Home Confinement / Electronic Monitoring," n. d.) House arrest or home confinement started as a program to handle particularly as a sentencing substitute meant for drunk drivers, but rapidly spread over to a number of other offender populations in a lot of jurisdictions. Depending on the nature of crime committed by the offenders, home confinement has been designed with various degrees of stages of restrictions. These can vary from ordinary
Community Safety and Crime Reduction: An Evaluation of the Role of New Technology Recent technological advances have effectively changed the way we conduct business, secure our borders, fight our wars, diagnose diseases, etc. Indeed, thanks to advances in technology, the world as we know it today looks very different from the world of yesteryears. The fact that technology continues to have a significant impact on almost every facet of our lives
According to Reidenberg (2000: 1318), policy in the United States protects personal information according to a market-dominated paradigm, where limited statutory and common law rights are granted for information privacy. In Europe, on the other hand, the privacy protection norm is dominated by privacy rights. The European Union, for example, requires Member States to include comprehensive statutory protections for its citizens when it comes to privacy rights. The fact that
School Culture on School Safety Many studies have been done on safety in schools. Likewise, many studies have been done on the culture of various schools. Unfortunately, there has not been significant research on a link between the two. This is not to say that these kinds of studies have not been done, but rather that there has not been enough of them. Many of the studies that have been
This researcher rejects the existence of online communities because computer mediated group discussions cannot possibly meet this definition. Weinreich's view is that anyone with even a basic knowledge of sociology understands that information exchange in no way constitutes a community. For a cyber-place with an associated computer mediated group to be labeled as a virtual settlement it is necessary for it to meet a minimum set of conditions. These are:
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