Title IX and its Impact on Collegiate Athletics
Among the more influential pieces of federal legislation to spring forth from the heady days of America's civil rights movements is Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments. This critical provision, officially found under Section 20 of the United States Code, states unequivocally that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Title 20 U.S.C. Sections 1681-1688) and in essence paves the way for the inclusion of women into collegiate athletic programs. Originally enacted as an amendment to Title IX the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which delegitimized systemic discrimination on the basis of race, religion and national origin, the 1972 version sought to address the issue of rampant gender inequality afflicting academia and the professional realm.
An interesting historical footnote is that, although Title IX has been predominately applied to intercollegiate athletics, the original language of the statute never explicitly mentions sports. Nonetheless, the amendment to the Civil Rights Act has been successfully applied to the athletic programs of public universities based on their acceptance of federal financial assistance. Presidential directives issued by Richard Nixon in 1975 and Jimmy Carter in 1979 further clarified how Title IX would be implemented in regards to women's participation in college sports. The ramifications of Title IX's sweeping reforms to bastions of traditionalized discrimination like the locker room are evident in the continued progression towards accepted gender equality we see today.
Any discussion regarding the legacy of Title IX for women in college athletics must begin by acknowledging that its enactment...
The Social issue Even if all colleges and universities correctly apply Title IX to give men and women equal opportunities, which may not be sufficient to meet Title IX's proportionality requirements. Title IX has only been in effect about 35 years; not sufficient to effect a cultural change for women and sports. Therefore, it is to be expected that women may not seek to participate in sports at the same level
S. Congress went ahead and passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988, furthermore recognized as the Grove City Bill, over a rejection by President Ronald Reagan (Priest, 2003). That rule abolished Grove City College v. Bell and then made the bill plainly obvious that if any part of a school makes the decision to accept federal aid, then every part of the school will then be subject to Title
Athletic Scholarships Providing scholarships for athletes is one of the best ways to fund athletic programs, because when the athletes are competing for that first scholarship, he or she will be determined to show his or her best athletic abilities to the coaches. One of high schools and colleges highest sources of budget increases is the talent and the physical abilities of the athletes on the athletic teams. However, this is
But despite these strides, the negative as well as the positive legacy of sports in American culture cannot be ignored. References About Title IX. (2010). University of Iowa. Retrieved September 20, 2010 at http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html Douglas, Scott. (2005). Running through Kenya. Slate.com. Retrieved September 20, 2010 at http://www.slate.com/id/2117122/entry/2117123/ Gettleman, Elizabeth. (2006, July). Review of William C. Rhoden's Forty Million Dollar Slaves. Mother Jones. Retrieved September 20, 2010 at http://motherjones.com/media/2006/07/forty-million-dollar-slaves Johnson, Jenna. (2010). NCAA graduation rates. The
Secondly, the report alluded to by CSC asserts that in "gender symmetric" sports there are "far more scholarships available for women (32,656) than for men (20,206)." The third bullet point in the CSC press release points out that men's volleyball is the "by far the most difficult" scholarship at the Division I level; there are reportedly 489 high school athletes for every full ride NCAA scholarship. The "underlying" data that CSC
Social Change Through Women's Sports Promoting Social Change Through Women's Sports Leadership The problems that cry out for social change solutions No one who is intelligent, literate, and who is paying attention could avoid the fact that much of the world today is in need of fresh and creative ways to resolve cultural and social conflicts and to build better communities where families feel safe and futures seem secure. War, bloodshed, racial rage,
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now