Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas Ever since Clarence Thomas, a conservative, replaced Thurgood Marshall, a liberal, on the United States Supreme Court in 1991, there has been constant comparison between the two African-American justices.

Just this past month, in June 2005, Thomas again drew attention and comparison to Marshall concerning two Supreme Court decisions. Thomas was one of three justices who disagreed when the Court stated that a Texas killer's rights were compromised when prosecutors removed all but one African-American from the jury.

In another case, the Court stopped California from making it harder for defendants to get their claims of racial bias in jury selection investigated, and Thomas, the Court's only black member, was the only justice to disagree with the ruling.

These cases were public reminders of Thomas' status as the Court's toughest critic of racial discrimination claims, and one of America's more enigmatic figures.

Although he grew up in the South during the years of segregation and has admitted to being a victim of discrimination firsthand, he has consistently made it more difficult for blacks and other minorities to get relief from bigotry.

Thomas' speeches and writings suggest that he believes that African-Americans use discrimination too often as a crutch, and should do more to advance themselves despite obstacles they encounter.

Thomas echoes the views of many black conservatives who feel the nation's black leadership embraces the culture of "victimology, personal grievances and separatism," and believe that this just does not work.

Thomas has expressed that as a young man, he did not realize he could counter the discrimination he faced, especially at a Missouri divinity school and from prospective employers in Georgia after graduating from Yale Law School, with resolve rather than complaint, however over time he learned to "accept life on its own terms."

He told the 2003 graduates at University of Georgia Law School, that he felt like giving up "a hundred times a day ... There will be days when you believe you can't take it anymore ... But those days are just part of life," and implored them to be "heroes" rather than "victims" and do their best regardless of the obstacles.

Another factor that may have played a part in these recent cases, is that Thomas is known to have little sympathy for criminal defendants who claim technical or procedural problems with their convictions and does not like the idea of criminals claiming they were victims of racism at their trials.

In both these recent cases, the defendants had been convicted of heinous murders, one had killed a small child.

During the fourteen years on the Court, Thomas has earned a reputation as a solid conservative who is strong on asserting state authority over federal power and narrow on the individual rights the Constitution protects.

He has impressed many who thought, at the time of his nomination, that he was unqualified for the job, and his work in several areas has proved that he has a sharp legal mind and a disciplined approach to constitutional interpretation.

However, his views on race transcend court politics, as he very often distinguishes his voice from others, leaving him at odds even with his conservative colleagues.

Thomas frequently adopts a singularly unsympathetic stance on cases that define when and how the Constitution prohibits racial discrimination.

Thomas is a stark contrast to his predecessor, the Supreme Court's first African-American member, Thurgood Marshall.

A civil rights lawyer before joining the Court, Marshall argued Brown v. Board of Education, which ended segregation in schools, and he often led other justices to a deeper understanding of the effects of racism and bigotry in the United States.

Born in 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland, the great-grandson of a slave, Marshall graduated as valedictorian from Howard University Law School in 1933 and soon began to represent civil rights activists.

He became a counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP, in 1938 and chief counsel in 1940, and over the next twenty-three years, won twenty-nine or the thirty-two major cases he undertook for that organization.

Among the precedent-setting cases that Marshall successfully argued were Smith v. Allwright, 1944, in which the Court declared Texas' exclusion of black voters from primary elections as unconstitutional.

Other cases included Sweatt v. Painter, 1950, which declared "separate but equal" facilities for black professionals and graduate students in state universities as unconstitutional.

And perhaps, Marshall's most famous case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954, in which racial...

Kennedy nominated Marshall to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson named him United States solicitor general and in 1967 nominated him to the Supreme Court.

In 1976, the Texas Southern University School of Law was renamed the Thrugood Marshall School of Law in honor of the distinguished jurist.

Through the years, as the Court makeup became more conservative, Marshall found himself increasingly isolated.

When he retired in 1991 due to ill health, he was replaced by the conservative Clarence Thomas.

Marshall was not alone in sensing the increasingly conservative air within the judicial system. A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., a retired chief judge emeritus of the United States Court of Appeals, writes in a 1998 article for "Black Issues in Higher Education," that not only did the judiciary became far more conservative under President Reagan and President George H. Bush, it became more White.

Of the eighty-three appointments to the appeals courts, Reagan appointed only one African-American, while Bush appointed two, and one of those was Clarence Thomas, while Carter appointed nine African-Americans and as of the 1998 article date, Clinton had appointed five.

Higginbotham remarks that in 1983, Thomas said "But for affirmative action laws, God only knows where I would be today," yet, as a member of the Supreme Court, "he repudiates affirmative action and has made it safe for people like Professor Lino A. Graglia, of the University of Texas School of Law, to assert openly that 'Blacks and Mexican-Americans are not academically competitive with Whites in selective institutions.'"

Higginbotham also believes that Thomas' "skewed and hostile" views have also paved the way for anti-affirmative action crusaders.

Recalling a 1989 employment discrimination case in which Justice Harry Blackmun, a Nixon appointee, wondered whether a majority of the Supreme Court "still believes that ... race discrimination against non-Whites is a problem in our society, or even remembers that it ever was," Higginbotham says that this question reverberates today.

As a first-year Yale law student, he says that in 1950, he watched Thurgood Marshall argue Heman Sweatt's case before the Supreme Court, eloquently asserting the constitutional promise of equality for Sweatt, for all African-Americans, however since then, says Higginbotham, "I have observed commendable progress, lately some tragic retrogression.

Clarence Thomas was born in 1948, in Pin Point, Georgia, an enclave of 500 inhabitants south of Savannah on the Moon River and named after the plantation that once stood on the land, it had been divided up after the Civil War and given to the former slaves.

After their house burned and his mother remarried, Thomas went to live in Savannah with his grandfather, Myers Anderson, an ardent Catholic, loyal Democrat, and active member of the NAACP.

In a time when African-Americans were forced to sit in the back of the buses, banned from restaurants, and denied employment opportunities, Anderson decided the best way to beat racism was to start his own business delivering wood, coal, ice, and heating oil from the back of a pick-up truck, thus, affording his family a comfortable home.

In 1968, while at Holy Cross, a Jesuit college in Worcester, Massachusetts, Thomas helped found the Black Student Union, which decided in its second year that its members should live together in one dormitory.

As the lone dissenter, Thomas preferred to "profit from the experience by learning to associate with and understand the white majority," however he finally gave in but brought his white roommate from the previous year to live with him.

During college, he participated in a free breakfast program for local schoolchildren and was a Black Panthers sympathizer.

He graduated ninth in his class in 1971 with an English honors degree, and enrolled at Yale Law School under an affirmative action plan to recruit qualified minorities, where he took courses in tax and antitrust law instead of civil rights and constitutional law.

After graduating in 1974, he joined the staff of the attorney general of Missouri, John Danforth, a young Republican who would become Thomas' political mentor, and when Danforth was elected Senator, he joined him as a legislative assistant in charge of energy and environmental projects.

While in Washington, Thomas became active in the black conservative movement, which believes that welfare, busing, affirmative action programs, and government set-asides, make African-Americans dependent on government charity and do more harm than good.

Thomas did not believe integration was a solution, and reasoned that African-Americans should help themselves through education, enterprise, work, and self-reliance.

When he was appointed to the EEOC, Thomas largely abandoned the use of class action suits that relied on statistical evidence to prove widespread discrimination at corporations, preferring instead to focus on individual suits.

While many credit him…