As one report on the demographics of sex offenders in the United States, notes; "… although the vast majority of attention on sex crimes focuses on men as the offenders, an increased awareness of females as sex offenders has surfaced in recent years." (Female Sex Offenders, 2007) This study also adds the important proviso that, "At present, the research and literature about this unique segment of the sex offender population remains in its infancy, and there is no evidence-based guidance or other consensus about the most effective approaches to working with them." (Female Sex Offenders, 2007) Furthermore, research indicates that, with regards to statistics on adolescent sex offenders, "….females are responsible for 3% of forcible rape cases and 5% of other violent sex offenses -- and 19% of non-violent
sex offenses -- handled by the juvenile courts annually" (Female Sex Offenders, 2007).
According to this study an interesting anomaly in the statistics is that while there has been a decrease in the number of adult female sex offenders in recent years, there has been an increase in the number of adolescent girls in court for sex offences; for example in the region "… juvenile cases involving female-perpetrated forcible rapes, other violent sex offenses, and non-violent sex offenses rose by 6%, 62%, and 42%, respectively. (Female Sex Offenders, 2007)
4. Recidivism
Recidivism is defined in a 2005 report entitled STATEWIDE CRIMINAL JUSTICE RECIDIVISM AND REVOCATION RATES as follows:
… a return to criminal activity after previous criminal involvement. Since all criminal activity committed by an offender is not known, indicators of subsequent criminal activity are used to calculate recidivism rates. Some of these indicators include rearrest, conviction, probation or parole revocation, and recommitment to incarceration.
(STATEWIDE CRIMINAL JUSTICE RECIDIVISM AND REVOCATION RATES. Texas Legislative Budget Board, 2005).
In this regard, Thompson ( 2006) states that, according to figures released by the United States Department of Justice "Recidivism among sex offenders is quite high" (Thompson, 2006). In more precise terms recidivism among this group is four times more than for criminals convicted of robbery, murder, assault or other charges (Thompson, 2006). One of the many reasons or causative factors given for this high rate of recidivism is that these criminals have an innate or ingrained desire to commit certain sexual acts such as rape and molestation (Thompson, 2006). One should also bear in mind that generalizations such as above are imprecise and that there are many different categories and types as well as causes for sex offences.
This report by Thompson also states that,
According to statistics over the last forty years, fewer than 40% of sex offenders will reoffend within the next fifteen-to-twenty years. Of course, this figure only reflects sex offenders who have been caught, arrested and convicted of a second sexual offense upon release from prison.
(Thompson, 2006).
More comparative and comprehensive figures about recidivism rates over a period of time can be obtained from a report entitled Sex Offender Recidivism Analysis: A State-by-State Comparison of Recidivism Rates Between Sex Offenders and All Felony Offenders (1983-2010). This report emphasizes the fact noted above that "…recidivism rates for sex offenders is higher than any other criminal offense"… " (Caldwell, 2010). The report, for example, notes that the recidivism rates from these types of crimes increased from sixteen percent in 1988 to twenty- seven percent in 2004 (Caldwell, 2010).
As the literature points out, the question of recidivism is a complex issue that has to incorporate variables relating to treatment and rehabilitation during incarceration and after discharge. This fact is made patently clear in the article entitled Recidivism Among Sex Offenders by Thompson ( 2006).
There are many causes and numerous variables that have to be considered in the issue of recidivism. As the report by Thompson states,
The factors that predict recidivism among sex offenders are diverse, stemming from both past and current behavioral analyses. For example, sex offenders...
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