¶ … Allport (1979), what usually defines an in-group is that all of its members "use the term we with the same essential significance." (p. 31) The attachment in such cases is variable and flexible, meaning one can change profession or school and thus become member of a different in-group. By in-groups, we therefore understand a particular affiliation to smaller groups or groups which belong to certain constructions. Ethnic groups and race groups are also considered part of the category; however, these are understood as much larger assemblies. Secondly, "intergroup" refers to the relations occurring between two or more social groups. Stereotyping occurs both in-group and intergroup. This assumes that, within an in-group, although individuals share similar visions in relation to the nature of the group, stereotyping may still occur. Because any group is of social nature, different organizational structures and ranks will exist. As such, within an in-group, higher-status and dominant units exert influence upon most of the in-group. When high -- ranked groups criticize those under their subordination, the latter may come to assimilate those negative perceptions, the discriminatory behavior leading thus to feelings of low self-esteem or dissociation. This can result into what has come to be known as negative in-group stereotyping. It occurs "when an individual embraces a negative stereotype regarding...
37) as a consequence of having internalized "others' negative perceptions regarding their own group." (Burkley & Blanton, 2008, p. 38) For example, some women may use the old "women are bad at math" myth to excuse a poor performance. Castano et al. (2002) affirmed that, in such situations, "An ingroup member can jeopardize the ingroup reputation." (p. 366) The social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978, 1981; Tajfel & Turner, 1979) sought to redefine the psychological construction which relates an individual to a group and implies categorization processes and behaviors. The discriminatory effect was interpreted in relation to categorization, social comparison, and social identity. This interpretation assumed that individuals create the social reality by perceiving themselves and others in significant categories. As such, the formation of social identity is a consequence of self -- perception in relation to categorization, thus of conscientious affiliation. Social comparison is when individuals either affiliate themselves with similar members who will foreground the group's position by comparison or resort to bias behavior, by discriminating against (perceived) inferior groups. This hypothesis of course illustrates stereotyping behavior of intergroup relations as well. Groups therefore, behaviorally determined to attain a positive social identity,…
Culture is the true origin of the limitations of collective thought and this is where the ideas of bias and stereotypes takes form. Northouse (2013) added " culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other, as conditioning elements of future action " (p.18). Culture is an imaginary
They feared difference, lacked an understanding of my culture and used stereotypes as an excuse to keep me isolated within the company. This was an organization where I find myself unable to remain for any lengthy period of time. It was also an extremely important moment of revelation with regard to the way that I approach others, particularly those who are in some manner different from me. I was now
In the current set of studies, we examine whether physiological arousal is a mediator of this effect. According to the Yerkes-Dodson (1908) theory of physiological arousal, performance is optimal at intermediate levels of arousal and decreases when arousal is either low or high, resulting in an inverted-U shaped function. We propose that stereotype threat may interfere with performance by leading to arousal that exceeds an optimal level." (Inzlicht &
Sam Stone! And guess what he did this time? He asked to borrow my Barbie and when he was carrying her down the stairs, he accidentally tripped and fell and broke her arm" (570)) Following Sam's actual visit, an interview conducted in an informal style by eliciting a free narrative form each of the four different groups who had seen Sam Stone revealed that the stereotype- fed group resulted
Criminology Theories and Theorists Theorists in the field of criminal justice: Howard Becker and Robert Agnew The field of sociology has been extremely influential in shaping our concept of criminal justice in the 20th century. Rather than focusing on biological or moral theories of why people commit crimes, criminology has begun to place more emphasis on how social pressures may shape the decision of an individual to engage in criminal behavior or to eschew
In order to get beyond such shallow viewpoints, they need to merely use such differences as the starting point for their conception of people from other ethnicities, and actually get beyond that bring about an improvement in interracial relations. As such, it is extremely interesting to note how sociological concepts of standpoint theory and systems of privilege typify many of the responses that Christenson had to opinions and statements voiced
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